Variables posture in the sagittal plane in children attitude with scoliosis and idiopathic scoliosis

The aim of the study was to analyze the sagittal spinal curvatures in children with scoliosis and idiopathic scoliosis attitude and norm. The shape of the spine was assessed using optoelectronic Diers formetric III 4D. The research was Carried out in the Posturology Laboratory at the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, UJK in Kielce (Poland). The biggest differences in the absolute values ​​of the variables tested in girls and boys with a group of scoliosis, attitudes and scoliotic standard body length was observed for SP-VP (mm). Univariate analysis of variance showed significant differences in the measurement of intra-lordosis angle among both boys and girls. This means that only the angles of lordosis differed significantly between the groups scoliosis, attitudes and scoliotic standard. Both girls and boys lordosis angle of scoliosis in the group was significantly lower than in the attitudes scolitic group and with the standard. In children with scoliosis it occurred in the first place to shallow lumbar lordosis. The size of the physiological thoracic kyphosis and lumbar lordosis should be taken into account in the selection of methods of treatment of scoliosis. In the treatment of scoliosis, use patterns shoulders and the pelvis, to restore the normal range thoracic kyphosis and lumbar lordosis

Variables posture in the sagittal plane in children attitude with scoliosis and idiopathic scoliosis

The aim of the study was to analyze the sagittal spinal curvatures in children with scoliosis and idiopathic scoliosis attitude and norm. The shape of the spine was assessed using optoelectronic Diers formetric III 4D. The research was Carried out in the Posturology Laboratory at the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, UJK in Kielce (Poland). The biggest differences in the absolute values ​​of the variables tested in girls and boys with a group of scoliosis, attitudes and scoliotic standard body length was observed for SP-VP (mm). Univariate analysis of variance showed significant differences in the measurement of intra-lordosis angle among both boys and girls. This means that only the angles of lordosis differed significantly between the groups scoliosis, attitudes and scoliotic standard. Both girls and boys lordosis angle of scoliosis in the group was significantly lower than in the attitudes scolitic group and with the standard. In children with scoliosis it occurred in the first place to shallow lumbar lordosis. The size of the physiological thoracic kyphosis and lumbar lordosis should be taken into account in the selection of methods of treatment of scoliosis. In the treatment of scoliosis, use patterns shoulders and the pelvis, to restore the normal range thoracic kyphosis and lumbar lordosis

The Synthesis of Cu–Mn–Al Mixed-Oxide Combustion Catalysts by Co-Precipitation in the Presence of Starch: A Comparison of NaOH with Organic Precipitants

Cu–Mn mixed oxides are well known as active combustion catalysts. The common method for their synthesis is based on co-precipitation, with NaOH as a precipitant, and is burdened with the possibility of introducing undesired Na contamination. This work describes the use of two organic bases, tetrabutylammonium hydroxide and choline hydroxide, as precipitating agents in a novel alkali-free route for Cu–Mn–Al catalyst synthesis. To obtain fine crystalline precursors, which are considered advantageous for the preparation of active catalysts, co-precipitation was carried out in the presence of starch gel. Reference materials prepared with NaOH in the absence of starch were also obtained. Mixed oxides were produced by calcination at 450 °C. The precursors contained MnCO3 doped with Cu and Al, and an admixture of amorphous phases. Those prepared in the presence of starch were less crystalline and retained biopolymer residues. The combustion of these residues during calcination enhanced the formation of larger amounts of the Cu1.5Mn1.5O4 spinel phase, with better crystallinity in comparison to catalysts prepared from conventionally synthesized precursors. Tests of toluene combustion demonstrated that the catalysts prepared with starch performed better than those obtained in starch-free syntheses, and that the mixed oxides obtained by the alkali-free route were more active than catalysts prepared with NaOH. Catalytic data are discussed in terms of property–performance relationships

The Synthesis of Cu–Mn–Al Mixed-Oxide Combustion Catalysts by Co-Precipitation in the Presence of Starch: A Comparison of NaOH with Organic Precipitants

Cu–Mn mixed oxides are well known as active combustion catalysts. The common method for their synthesis is based on co-precipitation, with NaOH as a precipitant, and is burdened with the possibility of introducing undesired Na contamination. This work describes the use of two organic bases, tetrabutylammonium hydroxide and choline hydroxide, as precipitating agents in a novel alkali-free route for Cu–Mn–Al catalyst synthesis. To obtain fine crystalline precursors, which are considered advantageous for the preparation of active catalysts, co-precipitation was carried out in the presence of starch gel. Reference materials prepared with NaOH in the absence of starch were also obtained. Mixed oxides were produced by calcination at 450 °C. The precursors contained MnCO3 doped with Cu and Al, and an admixture of amorphous phases. Those prepared in the presence of starch were less crystalline and retained biopolymer residues. The combustion of these residues during calcination enhanced the formation of larger amounts of the Cu1.5Mn1.5O4 spinel phase, with better crystallinity in comparison to catalysts prepared from conventionally synthesized precursors. Tests of toluene combustion demonstrated that the catalysts prepared with starch performed better than those obtained in starch-free syntheses, and that the mixed oxides obtained by the alkali-free route were more active than catalysts prepared with NaOH. Catalytic data are discussed in terms of property–performance relationships