Barracks and training facilities of the Podlaska Cavalry Brigade in the years 1937–1939. Selected aspects

Artykuł stanowi przyczynek do dziejów bazy kwaterunkowej i szkoleniowej kawalerii Wojska Polskiego okresu II Rzeczypospolitej. Autor szczegółowo przedstawił wspomniane kwestie na przykładzie Podlaskiej Brygady Kawalerii – w ostatnim stadium jej pokojowego funkcjonowania, to znaczy w latach 1937–1939.The article is an addendum to the history of housing and training facilities of the Polish Armed Forces of the Second Polish Republic. The author takes a closer look at the aforementioned themes by investigating the case of the Podlaska Cavalry Brigade in years 1937–1939, a time of its peacetime activity prior to the outbreak of World War [email protected]Łukasz Radulski (ur. 1981 r.) – dr nauk humanistycznych. Historyk, kierownik Ośrodka Badań Historii Wojskowej Muzeum Wojska w Białymstoku. Podejmuje głównie problematykę badawczą Wojska Polskiego okresu II Rzeczypospolitej oraz kampanii wrześniowej 1939 r.Archiwum Instytutu Polskiego i Muzeum im. gen. 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Prevalence of <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i> complex infections in animals. Part I. Small ruminants

Animal tuberculosis is a highly infectious disease caused by acid fast organisms of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC). Tuberculosis in cattle and other animal species is mainly caused by Mycobacterium bovis and, to a lesser extent, Mycobacterium caprae. Tuberculosis is a chronic, debilitating disease characterized by the formation of tubercles, most commonly observed in the lymph nodes, lungs, pleura, peritoneum, and less often in the intestines, liver and spleen. Despite decades of eradication efforts and an overall downward trend, the incidence of cases in cattle is not uniform and clusters of infection are still common. Other species are presumed to play a key role in maintaining the disease in the environment. Therefore, tuberculosis control measures should not be cattle limited but include small ruminants, as evidenced by the increased incidence of tuberculosis in sheep and goats, especially in endemic multi-host systems

A case of bovine tuberculosis in pigs in Poland – a country free from the disease

Introduction Bovine tuberculosis is a chronic contagious disease caused by Mycobacterium bovis or Mycobacterium caprae. Before widespread action conducted in Poland between 1959–1975 to combat bovine tuberculosis (BTB), about 40% of all tuberculosis cases in pigs was caused by the bovine bacillus. At the present time, correctly carried out, long-term control of cattle has resulted in cases of bovine tuberculosis in pigs and humans being extremely rare and sporadic. In pigs, tuberculosis is most often caught in a slaughterhouse during slaughter. Material and methods Samples came from pigs kept on the farm. Traditional bacteriological methods on solid media (Stonebrink, LJ with pyruvate) supported by the semi-automatic, liquid indicative culture method (MGIT) and PCR test were applied in targeted studies. The GenoType Mycobacterium MTBC and CM tests (Hain Lifescience, Germany) were used to additionally confirm that isolated strains classification was used. Results Strains of mycobacteria were isolated from all examined pigs. Mycobacterium bovis was determined by real time PCR and Hain Genotype methods. Conclusions In order to effectively fight against BTB, all animals on farms should be tested, regardless of species, while the milk of suspected cows should be utilized without being used for feed. It is important to adapt the current legal regulations to the current epidemiological situation

Prevalence of <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i> complex infections in animals. Part II. Companion animals

Tuberculosis is a chronic, infectious disease, that can affect humans as well as farm, wild and companion animals. Due to close and frequent contacts with humans, companion animals pose the greatest threat to the public health if infected with mycobacteria. Dogs and cats are the most generally owned pet animals. Although not highly sensitive to infection, new cases of tuberculosis in this group of animals are reported every year in Europe. The most common source of infection in pet animals are free-living animals that are reservoirs of tuberculosis. The clinical symptoms most often relate to emaciation and respiratory disorders. However, less common symptoms can also develop, such as diarrhea, vomiting and ulcerative skin wounds. Dogs and cats, can be effective vectors of pathogen transmission to other animal species, as well as to humans. Therefore, if disease is suspected, the animal should be tested to confirm or rule out infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex but intradermal tuberculin tests, effective in the diagnosis of many animal species, are useless for canines and felids. The current in vivo diagnostics is based mainly on the IFN-γ test, tissue biopsy and PCR

Infection of a Free-Living Wild Boar (<i>Sus scrofa</i>) with a Bacterium from the <i>Mycobacterium kansasii</i> Complex

The most numerous group of bacteria in the genus Mycobacterium is the nontuberculous mycobacteria. Currently, over 200 species of bacteria have been classified as belonging to this group, of which approximately 30 are pathogenic to humans and animals. Mycobacterium kansasii complex numbers among these pathogenic species. The submandibular lymph nodes of a wild boar shot by a hunter were examined in order to confirm or exclude infection with bacteria of the genus Mycobacterium. In culture, a bacterial isolate was obtained after 12 days of incubation on Petragnani and Stonebrink media. A multiplex PCR clearly indicated that the isolate was a nontuberculous mycobacterium. The results of species identification attempts via both molecular biology methods and mass spectrometry confirmed that the isolated strain belonged to MKC. The described case of a wild boar infection with MKC is the first documented case in Poland and only the second in Europe, and in confirming the presence of this pathogen among free-living animals, this report implies that MKC is of great concern. Our research elucidates some specifics of wild boar mycobacteriosis and may be used to instill awareness in the public of the dangers of dressing hunt prey or consuming its meat in ignorance of safe procedures, which can contribute to the transmission of the pathogen to humans

Infection of a Free-Living Wild Boar (Sus scrofa) with a Bacterium from the Mycobacterium kansasii Complex

The most numerous group of bacteria in the genus Mycobacterium is the nontuberculous mycobacteria. Currently, over 200 species of bacteria have been classified as belonging to this group, of which approximately 30 are pathogenic to humans and animals. Mycobacterium kansasii complex numbers among these pathogenic species. The submandibular lymph nodes of a wild boar shot by a hunter were examined in order to confirm or exclude infection with bacteria of the genus Mycobacterium. In culture, a bacterial isolate was obtained after 12 days of incubation on Petragnani and Stonebrink media. A multiplex PCR clearly indicated that the isolate was a nontuberculous mycobacterium. The results of species identification attempts via both molecular biology methods and mass spectrometry confirmed that the isolated strain belonged to MKC. The described case of a wild boar infection with MKC is the first documented case in Poland and only the second in Europe, and in confirming the presence of this pathogen among free-living animals, this report implies that MKC is of great concern. Our research elucidates some specifics of wild boar mycobacteriosis and may be used to instill awareness in the public of the dangers of dressing hunt prey or consuming its meat in ignorance of safe procedures, which can contribute to the transmission of the pathogen to humans

Badgers as a potential source of bovine tuberculosis – first studies in Poland

Since 2009, Poland has been recognized as a country officially free of bovine tuberculosis (BTB). However, new outbreaks are each year quoted. In many countries it has been shown that badgers ( Meles meles ) are a vector of Mycobacterium bovis/caprae ( M.bovis/caprae ) and a source of bovine tuberculosis for many domestical species, mainly for cattle. The aim of the presented study was to determine, for the first time in Poland, the occurrence of tuberculosis in badgers in areas where the disease occurs in cattle. Tissue samples were examined by classical microbiology methods, mycobacteria growth indicator tube (MGIT), and real time PCR. A total of 155 samples from 31 badgers were examined. In any case Mycobacterium bovis/caprae infection has not been diagnosed. This indicates that badgers probably are not a vector of bovine tuberculosis in Poland

Ocena epizootyczna zakażeń Mycobacterium avium spp. paratuberculosis u bydła w Polsce w latach 2011-2020 jako potencjalny czynnik etiologiczny choroby Leśniowskiego-Crohna u ludzi

Background. Mycobacterium avium spp. paratuberculosis (MAP) is a bacterial germ and the etiologic agent in paratuberculosis also known as Johne's disease, a debilitating disease seen in animals. MAP is one of the triggers in the development of Crohn's disease in humans. Therefore the presence of these microorganisms in the environment and their prevalence in farm animals in relation to Crohn's disease is a new area of research. To date, it has not been evaluated in Poland. Material and methods. The materials for this study consisted of 14,468 samples of bovine serum across Poland. Determination of anti-MAP antibody levels was performed using an immunoenzymatic Paratuberculosis Screening Ab Test p/n P07130-5® (IDEXX, Westbrook, Maine 04092, United States). Results. The study consisted of 14,468 samples of bovine serum. Anti-MAP antibodies were identified in 349 cattle sera. Conclusions. Successful paratuberculosis screening programs can lead to a reduction of MAP in animal products. As the role of MAP in Crohn’s disease is not fully understood, future research should be conducted to address this knowledge gap and avoid a potential zoonotic public health problem.Wprowadzenie. Mycobacterium avium spp. paratuberculosis (MAP) zwany także prątkiem Johnego jest czynnikiem etiologicznym paratuberkulozy, wyniszczającej choroby występującej u zwierząt. Jednym z czynników niezbędnych do rozwoju choroby Crohna u ludzi jest obecność MAP, stąd też obecność w środowisku tych drobnoustrojów, a przede wszystkim ocena ich występowania u zwierząt gospodarskich w odniesieniu do choroby Crohna, stanowi nowy obszar badań, nieopisany dotąd w Polsce. Materiał i metody. Materiał do badań stanowiło 14468 bydlęcych surowic pochodzących z terenu całej Polski. Oznaczenie poziomu przeciwciał anty-MAP wykonano przy użyciu immunoenzymatycznego testu Paratuberculosis Screening Ab Test p/n P07130-5® (IDEXX, Westbrook, Maine 04092, United States). Wyniki. W badanej grupie 14468 surowic, przeciwciała anty-MAP potwierdzono u 349 sztuk bydła. Wnioski. Udane programy kontroli paratuberkulozy mogą prowadzić do zmniejszenia występowania MAP w produktach zwierzęcego pochodzenia. W związku z tym, że rola MAP nie jest do końca poznana w chorobie Crohna, przyszłe badania powinny zająć się tymi lukami, aby uniknąć potencjalnego odzwierzęcego problemu zdrowia publicznego

Mycobacterial Infections in Invasive Turtle Species in Poland

Over the last 30 years, the number of invasive turtle species living in the wild has significantly increased in Poland. This proliferation carries many threats, which mainly include the displacement of native species of animals from their natural habitats. Turtles can also be reservoirs for pathogens, including bacteria from the Mycobacterium genus. In order to confirm or rule out the presence of acid-fast mycobacteria in the population of invasive turtle species, samples from carapace, plastron, internal organs and mouth cavity swabs from 125 animals were tested. Twenty-eight mycobacterial strains were isolated in culture, which were classified as atypical following multiplex-PCR reactions. The GenoType Mycobacterium Common Mycobacteria (CM) test, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry, PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PRA)-hsp65 and DNA sequencing were used to identify the species of isolates. Of the 28 strains, 11 were identified as M. fortuitum, 10 as M. chelonae, 3 as M. avium ssp. avium, 2 as M. nonchromogenicum and 1 each of M. neoaurum and M. scrofulaceum. The results of the research will also strengthen the understanding that these animals can be vectors for pathogens when living in the wild