Superweniencja psychofizyczna

The aim of this article is two-fold. First, a critical presentation of the concept of supervenience is carried out. In this context, three basic types of supervenience are presented: weak, strong, and global. It is argued that the most useful types of supervenience are its strong, and global versions. Second, a broader analysis of the usefulness of supervenience is undertaken. It is argued that it is a very „flexible” concept, which allows for a variety of different solutions to the philosophical issue of the mind. However, the aforementioned flexibility can be limited by additional philosophical assumptions. Moreover, supervenience allows to augment traditional philosophical investigations concerning the mind with results of empirical findings of such sciences as psychology, or neuroscience. In this context it is argued that supervenience is a „third way” in the philosophical study of the mind.The aim of this article is two-fold. First, a critical presentation of the concept of supervenience is carried out. In this context, three basic types of supervenience are presented: weak, strong, and global. It is argued that the most useful types of supervenience are its strong, and global versions. Second, a broader analysis of the usefulness of supervenience is undertaken. It is argued that it is a very „flexible” concept, which allows for a variety of different solutions to the philosophical issue of the mind. However, the aforementioned flexibility can be limited by additional philosophical assumptions. Moreover, supervenience allows to augment traditional philosophical investigations concerning the mind with results of empirical findings of such sciences as psychology, or neuroscience. In this context it is argued that supervenience is a „third way” in the philosophical study of the mind

Hematologija u ranoj dijagnostici bolesti goveda - pregledni članak

Laboratory blood tests are not only an important element of the assessment of the general condition of animals, but they are also important for the early diagnosis of many diseases. In modern buiatrics laboratory tests are most frequently limited to the analysis of metabolic profiles, using selected biochemical tests. This reductionist approach results from economic reasons and ignores the possibility of using haematological tests, often limiting the possibility of a certain diagnosis. Haematology (Greek αιµα [ema] - blood) concerns the issues related to blood and the haematopoietic system, which is the first to respond to any disruptions in intra-body homeostasis. These changes guide the veterinarian in the search for a diagnosis and are indispensable in monitoring the effectiveness of treatment. Haematology can also be useful in managing a herd of cattle. In this article, the most recent data regarding the use of blood screening in livestock and the prophylaxis and treatment of dairy cattle are presented. The article presents the possibilities of using haematology in diagnostics, therapy and in the raising of dairy cattle. The most common causes of changes in haematological parameters in cattle are also discussed.Laboratorijski krvni testovi važni su ne samo za procjenu općega stanja životinje nego i u dijagnostici mnogih bolesti. U modernoj su bujatrici laboratorijski testovi najčešće ograničeni na analizu metaboličkog profila primjenom biokemijskih testova. Takav redukcionistički pristup, koji postoji iz ekonomskih razloga, zanemaruje mogućnosti upotrebe hematoloških testova, često ograničujući mogućnost dobivanja određene dijagnoze. Hematologija uključuje krv i hematopoetski sustav koji prvi reagiraju na bilo kakav poremećaj u homeostazi. Promjene u krvnim pokazateljima veterinare usmjeruju u potrazi za dijagnozom i nužne su u praćenju učinkovitosti liječenja. Hematologija može biti korisna i u upravljanju stadom. Ovaj rad donosi najnovije podatke o primjeni krvnih testova u stočarstvu te profilaksi i liječenju mliječnih pasmina. Članak nudi mogućnosti upotrebe hematologije u dijagnostici, liječenju i uzgoju mliječnih pasmina. Također su razmotreni najčešći uzroci promjena u krvnim pokazateljima u goveda

Utjecaj kliničkih i kroničnih oblika nedostatka magnezija na hematološke parametre mliječnih krava

The aim of the study was to determine the influence of hypomagnesaemia on the haematological status and predictive values of haematological tests in the diagnosis of magnesium (Mg) deficiency in dairy cow herds. The study was carried out on 100 dairy HF cows, divided into two experimental groups and a control one.The two experimental groups (I - clinical form of hypomagnesaemia, II - chronic form of hypomagnesaemia) consisted of 40 cows and the control group consisted of 20 healthy cows. Blood samples were collected twice: before the commencement of the therapy and after three months. In both hypomagnesaemic groups, low erythrocyte count, haemoglobin (Hgb) concentration and hematocrit (Ht) index values were observed. The indirect parameters of the erythrocyte system were within the standard reference range, with the exception of the mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) index, which, in approx. 45% of animals, was below the lower limit of the normal range. Haemolytic normocytic normochromic anaemia was detected through the hypomagnesaemia of the cows. In the first and second group, at the first blood sampling an increase in the eosinophil count was observed, which was statistically significant in relation to the second sampling. In the blood smear test, a variety of erythrocyte sizes (anisocytosis), polychromasia and Howell-Jolly bodies were detected in the affected cows. After supplementation with magnesium, the concentration of Mg in the serum of the treated animals returned to normal more rapidly than the haematological parameters. The authors assumed that these in the haematological parameters may be helpful in indicating the need for Mg supplementation.Cilj rada bio je utvrditi utjecaj hipomagnezijemije na hematološki status i prediktivne vrijednosti hematoloških testova za dijagnozu nedostatka magnezija (Mg) u stadima mliječnih krava. Istraživanje je provedeno na 100 mliječnih krava holštajn-frizijske pasmine, koje su podijeljene u tri skupine: dvije pokusne i jednu kontrolnu. Dvije pokusne skupine (I – klinički oblik hipomagnezijemije, II – kronični oblik hipomagnezijemije) sastojale su se od po 40 krava, a kontrolna skupina sastojala se od 20 zdravih krava. Uzorci krvi prikupljeni su dva puta: prije početka terapije i poslije tri mjeseca. U obje hipomagnezijemijske skupine primijećene su niske vrijednosti broja eritrocita, koncentracije hemoglobina i indeksa hematokrita. Neizravni parametri eritrocitnog sustava bili su unutar standardnog referentnog raspona, s izuzetkom indeksa prosječnog hemoglobin u eritrocitu, koji je u oko 42 % životinja bio ispod donje granice referentnog raspona. Hipomagnezijemiju krava pratila je normocitna, normokromna anemija. U prvoj i drugoj skupini pri prvom je uzorkovanju krvi uočeno povećanje broja eozinofila, što je bilo statistički znakovito u odnosu na drugo uzorkovanje. Provođenjem pretrage krvnog razmaza u krava za hipomagnezijemijom otkriveni su različite veličine eritrocita (anisocitoza), polikromazija i Howell-Jollyjeva tjelešaca. Nakon dodatka magnezija, njegova se koncentracija u serumu liječenih životinja vratila u normalu brže od hematoloških parametara. Autori pretpostavljaju da spomenute promjene hematoloških vrijednosti mogu pomoći u otkrivanju potrebe za dodavanje magnezija u hranidbi mliječnih krava