Epidemiology and Ecology of Leishmaniasis

Leishmaniasis is the third most important vector-borne disease after malaria and lymphatic filariasis. It is common disease in all over the world. The vector for leishmaniasis is Phlebotomus and there have found around 20 different types of this vector. There are different clinical forms under the name of leishmaniasis such as kala-azar, dum-dum fever, white leprosy, espundia, pian bois, chiclero’s ulcer, uta. Environmental factors leading to climate changes and global warming are major risk factors for the spreading of the disease. Leishmania spp. to prevent the spread of the definitive host and intermediate hosts is difficult compared to Plasmodium spp. Therefore; leishmaniasis disease will retain its importance for many years

Introductory Chapter: Changes in Eco-System Change Echinococci - “One Health Concept” against Echinococci

Echinococcosis or Hydatid disease has been “described” thousands of years ago[1]. The first implication of Echinococcosis dated back to Hippocrates (460–377&nbsp;BC).He mentioned hydatids (clear fluid full of metacestods of Echinococcus granulosus) as“In those whose water stuffed liver opens into omentum, the belly is filled with water,and they die” [2]. Hydatid disease has been also mentioned by Galen (129–200&nbsp;BC).Interestingly, Aretaeus (80–138&nbsp;AD), ancient physician from Cappadocia, has statedhis observation as “many small fluid-filled blisters may be present in some patientswith ascites” (Neisser A. DieEchinococcen-Krankenheit. Verlag August HirschwaldBerlin 1877.) Thereafter, many observations have been reported, however, the animalnature of metacestodes and their parasitic character was first reported by FrancescoRedi (1626–1697). Since then, there have been many observations and investigationsthat lead to our wide knowledge in 21st century [3].</p

MAY BLASTOCYSTIS HOMINIS BE A POTENTIAL HAZARD FOR AN INTESTINAL DISEASE?

Blastocystis hominis (B. hominis)'in sürüngenlerde, kuşlarda, çeşitli memeli türlerinde ve böceklerde varlığı tanımlanmaktadır. Bu protozoon insanların bağırsaklarında bulunur. B. hominis'in vakuoler, granuler, ameboid, kist olmak üzere dört formu bulunmaktadır. Blastocystosis prevalansı, gelişmekte olan ülkelerde %30-%50, gelişmiş ülkelerde %1,5- %10'dur. Genellikle seyahat öyküsü olanlarda daha sık görülür. B. hominis enfeksiyonunun esas belirtileri, ishal ve karın ağrısı olmakla beraber, bulantı, iştahsızlık, kusma, kilo kaybı, halsizlik, baş dönmesi, gaz sancısı gibi tipik olmayan gastrointestinal şikayetler de görülür. Bu enfeksiyonun belirtileri kesin olmamasına rağmen, B. hominis‘in bağırsaklarda yangıya neden olarak patojenik rol oynadığı fikri ileri sürülmektedir. Günümüzde blastocystosis tedavisinde kemoterapötik ajan olarak metronidazol tercih edilmektedir. Blastocystis hominis (B. hominis) has been described in a variety of mammals, birds, reptiles, and even insects. The protozoon is commonly found in the intestinal tract of humans. Morphology of B. hominis has four major forms; vacuolar, granular, ameboid and cyst. The prevalence of Blastocystosis in humans appears to be higher in developing countries (30% to 50%) than in developed countries (1.5% to 10%), and has been associated with travel. Symptoms of B. hominis infection are mainly diarrhea and abdominal pain as well as nonspecific gastrointestinal symptoms such as nausea, anorexia, vomiting, weight loss, lassitude, dizziness, and flatulence. The significance of this human infection is uncertain although one idea has suggested a pathogenic role of B. hominis in causing intestinal inflammation. At present, the first choice of chemotherapeutic agent is metronidazole as described

Toksoplazmoz ve Nöropsikolojik Etkileri Toxoplasmosis and Neuropsychological Effects

Toxoplasma gondii is an intracellular protozoan parasite. Approximately 30% of the global population is infected by T. gondii. In chronically infected individuals, the parasite resides in tissue cysts, especially in the brain. There is a growing interest in the role of parasitologic agents in the causation of neuropsychological disorders. In this review, we have explained the interactions between Toxoplasma and its host, mechanisms, and consequences on neural and psychological diseases. Toxoplasma gondii, hücre içi bir protozoan parazittir. Dünya nüfusunun yaklaşık %30’u Toxoplasma gondii ile enfektedir. Kronik olarak enfekte insanlarda, parazit doku kistleri özellikle beyinde bulunur. Nöropsikolojik bozuklukların nedenselliğinde, parazitolojik ajanların rolüne artan bir ilgi vardır. Bu derlemede; Toxoplasma spp. ile konağı arasındaki etkileşimleri, nöral ve psikolojik hastalık üzerine mekanizmaları ve sonuçları açıklanmıştır

The quality in healthcare organizations applicationæ (Medical laboratory ISO 15189:2007) before and after comparison of accreditation

Son yıllarda hizmet sektöründe müşteri beklentilerini dikkate alan yöntemleri geliştiren kuruluşların, rakiplerine göre avantaj elde ettiği açık olarak görülmektedir. Bu avantajı sağlamada en önemli yaklaşımlardan biri toplam kalite anlayışını kurum kültürüne yaymakla mümkün olmaktadır. Zamanla kalite uygulamalarını standart hale getirmek için çeşitli standartlar, ödüller ve akreditasyon kriterleri geliştirilmiştir. Bunlardan özellikle sağlık sektöründe uygulananlar, ISO (International Standardization Organization) 9001:2008 Kalite Yönetim Sistem Standardı, EFQM (European Foundation for Quality Management) ve JCI (Joint Commission International) olup, bu alanda JCAH ( Joint Commission on Accreditation of Hospitals), JCAHO (Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organization) gibi organizasyonlar oluşturulmuştur. Ayrıca, sağlık kuruluşlarındaki tıp laboratuvarlarındaki Kalite ve Yeterliliği için ISO 15189:2007 (Tıbbi Laboratuvarların Akreditasyonu) Kalite Yönetim sistemi geliştirilmiştir. Bu tezin amacıæ DEÜ Hastanesi Merkez Laboratuvarının, Toplam Kalite Yönetimi çerçevesinde ISO 15189: 2007 Akreditasyon sürecinde hangi aşamalardan geçildiğini, kısıtların neler olduğunu, iyileştirmelerin nasıl yapıldığını ve görünür hale getirebilmek için hangi belirteçlerle sürecin işleyişinin nasıl izlendiğini ortaya koymaktır. Akredite olmak isteyen bir laboratuvarın, akreditasyon sürecinde hangi yolları izlemesi, neler yapılması gerektiğini bilimsel ölçütlerle aktararak, diğer akredite olmak isteyen laboratuvarlara ışık tutmak araştırmanın diğer bir amacını oluşturmaktadır. In recent years, it seems clearly that institution those innovate the methods considering primarily client demands are advantageous comparing with the others. To achieve this advantage, one of the most important approaches is spreading the understanding of total quality management over the institutions. In times, to standardize the applications of quality, criteria for rewards and accreditation were developed. Among these, ones applied into the heath care systems are ISO (International Standardization Organization) 9001:2008 Quality Management System Standards, EFQM (European Foundation for Quality Management) and JCI (Joint Commission International). An organization such as JCAH (Joint Commission on Accreditation of Hospitals) and JCAHO (Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organization) has been constituted in this field. In addition, ISO 15189:2007 has been developed for quality and accreditation of the medical laboratories in medical field. The aim of this thesis is to zoom in ISO 15189: 2007 accreditation process of Central Laboratory in DEU Teaching Hospital by condensing on the phases of the process, restrictions during the process, determining the ways for improvements and the indicators of the improvements during the process. By doing so, we wish to shed a light on this obligatory but difficult process and to guide to the other laboratories willing to be accredited

New Horizons for Schistosomiasis Research

Although there are thousands of parasites all over the world,&nbsp;Schistosoma&nbsp;spp. are unique in terms of their morphology. Although they have separate bodies as “male” and “female,” they live in such a way that the female resides within the male.&nbsp;Schistosoma&nbsp;spp., classified in the family of trematodes, has about twenty members, five of which cause a disease called schistosomiasis (or bilharzia) in humans. This disease causes a variety of symptoms, ranging from simple skin lesions to a dramatic clinical scenario of bladder carcinoma. Although there are many different diagnostic and therapeutic methods, schistosomiasis is still an important threat to humans and a significant challenge for healthcare professionals. This book discusses the morphology, geographic distribution, and evolution of&nbsp;Schistosoma spp., as well as the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of schistosomiasis.</p