Forward Osmosis Membranes – A Review: Part II

Forward osmosis (FO) is a technical term describing the natural phenomenon of osmosis: the transport of water molecules across a semipermeable membrane by osmotic pressure from a feed solution (FS) to a draw solution (DS). The diluted DS is then reconcentrated to recycle the draw solutes as well as to produce purified water. As the driving force is only the osmotic pressure difference between two solutions, meaning that there is no need to apply an external energy, this results in low fouling propensity of membrane and minimization of irreversible cake forming, which are the main problems controverted by membrane applications, especially in biological treatment systems (e.g., FO membrane bioreactor (FO-MBR)). The purpose of the book chapter is to bring an overview on the FO membrane manufacturing, characterizing and application area at laboratory or full scales. This book chapter is published in two parts. In the second part, which appears here, characterization of mass transport in FO membranes, fouling mechanisms and foulants on FO membranes in naturally asymmetric structure and application areas of FO membranes in the literature are mentioned. Cutting-edge technologies on FO studies are comprehensively reviewed and following major and minor titles are stated truly on the new technologies

Primary central nervous system lymphoma: Case report

Primer santral sinir sistemi lenfoması tüm intrakranyal tümörlerinin %1'ini oluşturmaktadır. Kombine kemoterapi ve radyoterapi sayesinde sağkalım süresi uzamış olsa da, hastalığın seyri halen maligndir. Altmış iki yaşında erkek hasta baş ağrısı ve unutkanlık yakınmalarıyla başvurdu. Yapılan kranyal bilgisayarlı tomografi ve manyetik rezonans incelemelerinde sol temporoparietal bölgede, lateral ventrikül trigonu ve arka boynuz boyunca yayılım gösteren kitle saptandı. Uygulanan stereotaktik biyopsi sonucunda olguya lenfoma tanısı konuldu. Radyoterapi sonrası semptomlarında kısmi bir iyileşme görülen hasta 14. ayda lokal nüks nedeniyle kaybedildi.Primary central nervous system lymphoma constitutes only 1% of all intracranial tumors. Although survival time has increased by combined chemotherapy and radiotherapy, it still has a malign prognosis. A 62-year-old male patient presented with complaints of headache and forgetting. Cranial computerized tomography and magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated a mass in the left temporoparietal region extending to the posterior horn and trigone of the lateral ventricule. The case was diagnosed as lymphoma after stereotactic biopsy. There was a partial regression of symptoms after radiotherapy. The patient was lost due to local recurrence after 14 months

Determination of Some Micro and Macronutrient Elements in Various Cold Press Vegetable Oils

Bu çalışmada soğuk pres yöntemiyle üretilmiş dokuz farklı yağ çeşidinin bazı ağır metal ve mikrobesin element miktarlarının belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Çalışmada materyal olarak kullanılan soğuk pres yağlar Türkiye’de üretilen ve yerli piyasadan temini kolay, özellikle yemeklik olarak kullanılan ayçiçek, aspir, keten tohumu, fındık, susam, ceviz, badem, kabak çekirdeği ve yerfıstığı soğuk pres yağlarıdır. İndüktif eşleşmiş plazma/optik emisyon spektroskopisi (ICP-OES) cihazı kullanılarak yağların sodyum (Na), kalsiyum (Ca), magnezyum (Mg), potasyum (K), fosfor (P), aluminyum (Al), demir (Fe), çinko (Zn), cıva (Hg), kurşun (Pb), nikel (Ni), kalay (Sn), kükürt (S), arsenik (As), kadmiyum (Cd), kobalt (Co), bakır (Cu), mangan (Mn), krom (Cr) element düzeyleri ölçülmüştür. Ağır metallerden kurşun (Pb) ve cıva (Hg), bunun yanında aluminyum (Al) elementlerinin bazı soğuk pres yağ çeşitlerinde yüksek miktarlarda mevcut olduğu belirlenmiştir. Ağır metal ve mikrobesin elementleri miktarlarının hem soğuk pres yağ çeşidi, hem de markalara göre farklılık gösterdiği tespit edilmiştir. Yapılan varyans analizlerine göre bu farklılıklar istatistiksel açıdan önemli bulunmuştur. Elde edilen element değerlerinin literatür verileri ile kıyaslaması ve yasal limitlere göre değerlendirmeleri yapılmıştır.The aim of this study was to determine the amount of some heavy metals and macro elements in various cold pressed vegetable oils produced by cold pressing. For this reason, commonly consumed nationally available brands of cold pressed vegetable oils were selected for analysis and purchased locally. These cold pressed vegetable oils are easily obtainable from local market and using edible; sunflower oil, safflower oil, flax seed oil, hazelnut oil, walnut oil, almond oil, pumpkin seed oil, peanut oil and sesame oil. The content of elements such as Na, Ca, Mg, K, P, Al, Fe, Zn, Hg, Pb, Ni, Sn, S, As, Cd, Co, Cu, Mn, Cr in the cold pressed vegetable oils were determined by using inductively-coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). The elements contents varied among cold pressed vegetable oil types and brands. According to the analysis of variance, the differences among samples were statistically significant. According to the finding of the research, any amount of Pb, Hg and Al were not detected in some of cold pressed vegetable oils. However, these elements contents in some cold pressed vegetable oils were detected on high level. The obtained these results in the research were compared with values in literatures and were”” evaluated according to legal limits. Potential sources of heavy metals contamination in the cold pressed vegetable oils were also discussed

Treatment of syringomyelia with ventriculoperitoneal shunt: A case report

Komünikan sirengomiyeli saptanan olgularda, ventriküler sisteminde genişlemiş olduğu görülür ise ventrikiiloperitoneal şant sistemi ilk tedavi seçeneği olarak uygulanabilir. Bu çalışmada ventriküloperitoneal şant takılarak tedavi edilen komünikan sirengomiyelili bir olgu sunulmaktadır. Sağ elinde daha belirgin olmak üzere tüm ekstremitelerinde güçsüzlük ve ses kısıklığı yakınması ile başvuran 41 yaşındaki olgunun yapılan manyetik rezonans görüntüleme tetkikinde serebellum tonsillerinin 5mm. fıtıklanmasına ek olarak sirengomiyeli ve beyin venüiküllerinde genişleme saptandı. Tedavi için ventriküloperitoneal şant uygulandı. Ameliyat sonrası klinik ve radyolojik tüm bulgular düzeldi. İlk girişimden 7 yıl sonra yapılan kontrol muayenesinde iyilik halinin devam ettiği görüldü. Sirengomiyelinin doğru tedavisi, beyin omurilik sıvısı dinamiğinin anlaşılmasına ve buna yönelik uygun girişimin seçilmesine bağlıdır. Uygun olgularda ventriküloperitoneal şant tatkibi seçkin tedavi yöntemi olarak görülmektedir.SUMARY Treatment of syringomyelia with ventriculoperitoneal shunt: Case report. The ventriculoperitoneal shunting procedure may be first choice of treatment in patients harboring communicating syringomyelia associated with enlarged cerebral ventricles. In this report, a patient with communicating syringomyelia who was treated by inserting a ventriculoperitoneal shunt is presented. A 41-yeard-old man was admitted to our clinic with the complaints of hoarseness and weakness in all four extremities. Magnetic resonance imaging of the head and cervical spine revealed the presence of a type I Chiari malformation and syringomyelia associated with enlarged cerebral ventricles. Neurological symptoms improved dramatically after operation. Six months later, a control magnetic resonance imaging was performed to find out that the syrinx and the tonsillar hernation as well had disapperared completely. The patient was still in good neurological condition when he was lost to follow-up 7 years after operation. The accurate treatment of syringomyelia relies upon the understanding of dynamics of cérébro-spinal fluid and choosing the appropriate surgical procedures. Ventriculoperitoneal shunting should be considered as the initial treatment modality in the case of cervical syringomyelia associated with enlarged ventricles