16 research outputs found
Influence of grinding and pelleting parameters on granulation and physical characteristics of pelleted animal feed
U savremenom uzgoju živine i svinja smeÅ”e se retko koriste u praÅ”kastom obliku veÄ se uglavnom peletiraju nakon umeÅ”avanja pojedinaÄnih sastojaka. Pri peletiranju dolazi do naruÅ”avanja granulacije smeÅ”e, odnosno do gotovo potpunog eliminisanja krupnih Äestica, kao i do nastajanja velike koliÄine najsitnijih Äestica. U okviru istraživanja u ovoj doktorskoj disertaciji ispitivan je uticaj promene odabranih parametara mlevenja i peletiranja na granulaciju Äestica od kojih su pelete saÄinjene. Cilj je bio da se utvrdi kombinacija parametara koja doprinosi poveÄanju sadržaja krupnih Äestica, Å”to je znaÄajno u ishrani živine, odnosno da se utvrdi kombinacija parametara koja Äe u Å”to veÄoj meri uveÄati sadržaj Äestica srednje veliÄine i umanjiti udeo najsitnijih Äestica, Å”to je znaÄajno u ishrani svinja. Pri tome je odreÄivan i kvalitet peleta, koji ne sme biti znaÄajnije naruÅ”en, kao i potroÅ”nja energije pelet prese za koju je poželjno da je Å”to niža. Nezavisni parametri peletiranja bili su granulacija kukuruznog mliva, rastojanje (zazor) izmeÄu valjaka i matrice pelet prese, debljina matrice pelet prese i sadržaj vode materijala koji se vodi na peletiranje. Istraživanje je podeljeno u dve faze, gde je u prvoj za usitnjavanje primenjen mlin ÄekiÄar, a u drugoj mlin sa valjcima. Na oba ureÄaja prizvedene su po tri granulacije mliva, pri Äemu se granulacija ukrupnjava od najsitnijeg mliva dobijenog na mlinu ÄekiÄaru do najkrupnijeg mliva dobijenog na mlinu sa valjcima. U prvoj fazi tri granulacije mliva dobijene na mlinu ÄekiÄaru su peletirane u kombinaciji sa tri zazora valjci-matrica (0,30; 1,15 i 2,00 mm) i tri sadržaja vode materijala (14,5%, 16,0% i 17,5%), a u drugoj fazi tri granulacije mliva dobijene na mlinu sa valjcima peletirane su u kombinaciji sa tri debljine matrice (24, 30 i 36 mm) i tri sadržaja vode materijala (14,5%, 16,0% i 17,5%). Dakle, u obe faze su varirana tri parametra na tri nivoa pri Äemu je primenjen Box-Behnken eksperimentalni dizajn. Zavisno promenljive karakteristike (odzivi) bili su temperatura matrice pelet prese, specifiÄna potroÅ”nja energije pelet prese, udeo praÅ”ine u peletama, stepen želatinizacije skroba, tvrdoÄa, stepen otiranja i nasipna masa peleta, kao i granulacija materijala nakon peletiranja. Za svaki od pomenutih odziva definisan je polinom (model) drugog reda. Dobijeni modeli upotrebljeni su za optimizaciju procesa peletiranja sa ciljem da se postigne željena granulacija peletiranog materijala, uz Å”to bolji kvalitet peleta i uz Å”to manju potroÅ”nju energije. U istraživanju je utvrÄeno da mliva sa približno istom vrednoÅ”Äu geometrijskog srednjeg preÄnika, dobijena na mlinu ÄekiÄaru i mlinu sa valjcima, imaju znaÄajno razliÄitu raspodelu veliÄine Äestica. Na mlinu ÄekiÄaru dobija se Å”ira raspodela, sa veÄim sadržajem najkrupnijih i najsitnijih Äestica, u poreÄenju sa mlinom sa valjcima. Za proizvodnju mliva približno istog geometrijskog srednjeg preÄnika, a pogotovo mliva sa relativno sliÄnom raspodelom veliÄine Äestica, potroÅ”nja energije kod mlina sa valjcima znaÄajno je manja u poreÄenju sa mlinom ÄekiÄarom. Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā PotvrÄeno je da peletiranje uzrokuje veliki intenzitet usitnjavanja Äestica bez obzira na primenjene parametre. MeÄutim, odreÄene kombinacije parametara mogu doprineti znaÄajnijem oÄuvanju krupnih Äestica. Parametar peletiranja koji najviÅ”e doprinosi poveÄanju udela krupnih Äestica u peletama je granulacija mliva koje se upuÄuje na peletiranje. Å to je krupnija granulacija, udeo krupnih Äestica u peletama Äe biti veÄi. Rezultati optimizacije procesa peletiranja u prvoj fazi ukazuju da je u pogledu proizvodnje peletirane hrane za živinu, kada je poželjno oÄuvanje odreÄene koliÄine krupnih Äestica, potrebno primeniti krupno mlevenje na mlinu ÄekiÄaru, uz podeÅ”avanje zazora izmeÄu valjaka i matrice od 2 mm i uz sadržaj vode materijala od 17,5%. U drugoj fazi optimizacijom je utvrÄeno da je potrebno koristiti debljinu matrice od 30 mm, najkrupniju granulaciju mliva na mlinu sa valjcima i vlagu od 17,5%. Pri proizvodnji peletirane hrane za živnu povoljnije je koristiti mlin ÄekiÄar, s obzirom da je utvrÄeno da su Äestice mliva dobijenog na ÄekiÄaru otpornije na usitnjavanje tokom peletiranja od Äestica dobijenih na mlinu sa valjcima Å”to omoguÄuje oÄuvanje veÄeg broja krupnih Äestica tokom peletiranja. PoveÄanje Å”irine zazora valjci-matrica nije poželjno prilikom peletiranja hrane za svinje jer se poveÄava intenzitet usitnjavanja Äestica, a time i udeo najsitnije frakcije Äestica. SliÄano je i sa poveÄanjem debljine matrice. U prvoj fazi istraživanja, rezultati optimizacije pokazuju da je u cilju poveÄanja udela frakcija Äestica srednje veliÄine (630 ā 1600 Ī¼m), kao i smanjenja sadržaja najsitnijih Äestica (< 125 Ī¼m), potrebno primeniti najsitnije mlevenje na mlinu ÄekiÄaru, najveÄi sadržaj vode materijala (17,5%), dok zazor izmeÄu valjaka i matrice treba podestiti da bude neÅ”to veÄi od 0,30 mm. I u drugoj fazi istraživanja optimizacija je ukazala da je najveÄi udeo Äestica srednje veliÄine (630 ā 1600 Ī¼m), kao i najmanji udeo Äestica < 125 Ī¼m, ostvaren pri peletiranju najsitnijeg mliva dobijenog na mlinu sa valjcima. Pri tome sadržaj vode je potrebno podesiti na 17,5%, dok debljina matrice treba biti oko 28 mm. Pri predloženim optimalnim parametrima peletiranja ostvaren je zadovoljavajuÄi kvalitet peleta, a potroÅ”nja energije pelet prese bila je na prihvatljivom nivou.In modern poultry and swine breeding, animal feed is rarely used in powder form but mainly pelleted after mixing of different ingredients. During pelleting process, granulation of the feed is compromised, i.e. coarse particles are almost completely destroyed and the content of fine particles is strongly increased. This doctoral thesis investigated the impact of changes in selected grinding and pelleting parameters on granulation of particles after pelleting. The goal was to achieve the quantity of coarse particles in pellets to be as high as possible, which is important in poultry nutrition. Another goal was to determine the combination of parameters that will increase, as much as possible, the content of particles medium in size and reduce the share of the smallest particles, which is important in swine nutrition. At the same time quality of the pellets must not be significantly degraded and energy consumption of pellet press should be as low as possible. Independent pelleting parameters were corn granulation after grinding, the distance (gap) between the rollers and the die of pellet presses (roller-die gap), the thickness of the pellet press die (die thickness) and the water content of pelleted material. The study was divided in two stages. In the first stage the corn was ground using a hammer mill and in the second stage, roller mill was used. Three different granulations were produced on both mills. Coarseness of the ground material increased from the finest material produced using the hammer mill to the coarsest material obtained at the roller mill. In the first stage, three different granulations produced at the hammer mill were pelleted in combination with three different roller-die gaps (0.30, 1.15 and 2.00 mm) and three different water contents of material (14.5%, 16.0% and 17.5%). In the second stage three different granulations produced at the roller mill were pelleted in combination with three different die thicknesses (24, 30 and 36 mm) and three different water content of material (14.5%, 16.0% and 17.5%). Thus, three parameters were varied at three levels in both stages and experiments were designed according to Box-Behnken design. Depended variables (responses) were: temperature of the pellet press die, specific energy consumption of pellet press, dust content in pellets, degree of starch gelatinization,Ā particle size of the material after pelleting. For each of the responses, a second order polynomial model was defined and used for optimization of the pelleting process. It was determined that particle size distribution of material with similar geometric mean diameter, obtained with hammer mill and roller mill, is significantly different from each other. Hammer mill produced higher quantity of the coarsest and the finest particles comparing to roller mill. Energy consumption of roller mill for grinding to similar particle size distribution or similar geometric mean diameter is lower compared to hammer mill. Even though it was determined that secondary grinding of particles during pelleting is inevitable, certain combinations of pelleting parameters may contribute to significant preservation of large particles and to reduction of quantity of small particles. Results of optimization in the first stage indicated that for the production of pelleted poultry feed, when certain amount of coarse particles should be preserved, it is necessary to apply coarse grinding on hammer mill, with the roller-die gap of 2 mm and with material water content of 17.5%. In the second stage it was determined that it is necessary to use die with thickness of 30 mm, coarsest granulation at the roller mill and material water content of 17.5%. In the production of pelleted poultry feed it is better to use a hammer mill since it was found that the particles obtained on hammer mill are more resistant to secondary grinding than the particles obtained with the roller mill. Roller-die gap increase is not desirable during pelleting of swine feed because it increases secondary grinding, and thus the proportion of the smallest particles. Similar effect has an increase of the die thickness. In the first stage of the study, the results of the optimization showed that the largest quantity of medium-sized particles (630 ā 1600 Ī¼m), and the lowest quantity of the smallest particles (< 125 Ī¼m), were achieved with the finest grinding on the hammer mill. At the same time water content of 17.5% should be applied, while the roller-die gap should be close to 0.30 mm. In the second stage of the study, the largest quantity of medium-sized particles, and the lowest quantity of the smallest particles, was achieved with the finest grinding on the roller mill. According to the optimization results, the water content should be set to 17.5%, while die thickness should approx. 28 mm. With the proposed optimal parameters, satisfactory pellet quality was achieved, and energy consumption of the pellet presses was at an acceptable level
Quality of Pelleted Olive Cake for Energy Generation
Olive cake is by-product of olive oil production. This material cannot be stored in original condition for a long time because it has high water content and relatively high portion of oil that causes rapid deterioration. Thus it is necessary to investigate possible methods of remediation of such by-product, where utilization for energy generation presents a useful option. Several studies have been conducted on energy generation from olive cake, however not one that includes pelleting as a pre-treatment. Therefore, the aim of this paper was to determine the chemical composition of different cultivars of olive cake, to produce pellets, and determine their basic quality parameters. The pellets obtained from olive cake had mainly satisfactory results regarding their quality in comparison to standards for fuel pellets. It should be kept in mind that these standards are manly for wood pellets, and therefore some lower criteria could be applied for olive cake and such biomass. The highest amount of residual oil and the lowest amount of protein was found in cultivar āBužaā and produced pellets had the smallest abrasion index (8.15%). Other cultivars had lower oil and higher protein content, and abrasion index higher than 10%. For these cultivars preparation of material (conditioning and/or binder adding) prior to pelleting is necessary. Higher heating value (HHV) and lower heating value (LHV) were not significantly influenced by different chemical composition of cultivars, thus attention should be paid on their influence on pelleting process
DEM analysis of the granular flow in the static mixers
StatiÄke meÅ”alice se koriste za meÅ”anje pre glavnog procesa meÅ”anja, Äime se znaÄajno smanje vreme meÅ”anja i potroÅ”nja energije. U ovom radu, prikazana je upotreba metode diskretnih elemenata (engl. Discrete Element Method - DEM) na modelovanje meÅ”anja granula u razliÄitim konfiguracijama statiÄkih meÅ”aÄa (koriÅ”Äene su razliÄite Komax i Ross konfiguracije za meÅ”anje). Za modelovanje protoka fluida primenjena je metoda numeriÄke mehanike fluida (engl. Computational Fluid Dynamic - CFD), koriÅ”Äenjem Ojlerovog dvofaznog modela. Povezivanjem rezultata ove dve metode dobija se pouzdan, dovoljno taÄan i adekvatan model koji daje rezultate koji odgovaraju eksperimentalnim merenjima. StatiÄke meÅ”alice se Å”iroko koriste u industiji prerade hrane, farmaceutskoj ili hemijskoj industriji. Ovaj tip meÅ”alice se koristi uglavnom kao predmeÅ”aÄ, pre glavnog meÅ”anja, pri Äemu se znaÄajno smanjuje vreme meÅ”anja i Å”tedi energija. Za potrebe ovog rada, napravljene su statiÄke meÅ”alice tipa Ross i Komax od providnog pleksiglasa, dizajnirane u CAD paketu, napravljene koriÅ”Äenjem CNC glodalice. PoÅ”to su napravljeni elementi bili prozirni, praÄenje procesa meÅ”anja granula je bilo i vizuelno. PraÄene su i analizirane trajektorije, brzine i ubrzanja Äestica, u cilju procene kvaliteta procesa meÅ”anja. Glavni cilj ovog Älanka je da odreÄivanje ponaÅ”anja granula koje se gravitaciono transportuju u razliÄitim konfiguracijama meÅ”alica i odabir najbolje konfiguracije meÅ”alice, uzimajuÄi u obzir ukupnu trajektoriju granule, broj elemenata za meÅ”anje i kvalitet dobijene smeÅ”e. Rezultati numeriÄke simulacije statiÄkih meÅ”alica uporeÄeni su sa eksperimentalnim rezultatima, a kvalitet meÅ”anja ispitivan je kriterijumom relativne standardne devijacije. Uticaji tipa meÅ”alice i broja elemenata za meÅ”anje na proces meÅ”anja su prouÄavani analizom varijanse (ANOVA).Static mixer is used for premixing action before the main mixing process, for significant reduction of mixing time and energy consumption. In this article, the novel numerical approach called Discrete Element Method is used for modeling of granular flow in multiple static mixer applications, while the Computational Fluid Dynamic method was chosen for fluid flow modeling. The main aim of this article is to predict the behaviour of granules being gravitationally transported in different mixer configuration and to choose the best configuration of the mixer taking into account the total particle path, the number of mixing elements and the quality of the obtained mixture. The results of the numerical simulations in the static mixers were compared to experimental results, the mixing quality is examined by relative standard deviation criterion. The effects of the mixer type and the number of mixing elements on mixing process were studied using analysis of variance (ANOVA)
DEM analysis of the granular flow in the static mixers
StatiÄke meÅ”alice se koriste za meÅ”anje pre glavnog procesa meÅ”anja, Äime se znaÄajno smanje vreme meÅ”anja i potroÅ”nja energije. U ovom radu, prikazana je upotreba metode diskretnih elemenata (engl. Discrete Element Method - DEM) na modelovanje meÅ”anja granula u razliÄitim konfiguracijama statiÄkih meÅ”aÄa (koriÅ”Äene su razliÄite Komax i Ross konfiguracije za meÅ”anje). Za modelovanje protoka fluida primenjena je metoda numeriÄke mehanike fluida (engl. Computational Fluid Dynamic - CFD), koriÅ”Äenjem Ojlerovog dvofaznog modela. Povezivanjem rezultata ove dve metode dobija se pouzdan, dovoljno taÄan i adekvatan model koji daje rezultate koji odgovaraju eksperimentalnim merenjima. StatiÄke meÅ”alice se Å”iroko koriste u industiji prerade hrane, farmaceutskoj ili hemijskoj industriji. Ovaj tip meÅ”alice se koristi uglavnom kao predmeÅ”aÄ, pre glavnog meÅ”anja, pri Äemu se znaÄajno smanjuje vreme meÅ”anja i Å”tedi energija. Za potrebe ovog rada, napravljene su statiÄke meÅ”alice tipa Ross i Komax od providnog pleksiglasa, dizajnirane u CAD paketu, napravljene koriÅ”Äenjem CNC glodalice. PoÅ”to su napravljeni elementi bili prozirni, praÄenje procesa meÅ”anja granula je bilo i vizuelno. PraÄene su i analizirane trajektorije, brzine i ubrzanja Äestica, u cilju procene kvaliteta procesa meÅ”anja. Glavni cilj ovog Älanka je da odreÄivanje ponaÅ”anja granula koje se gravitaciono transportuju u razliÄitim konfiguracijama meÅ”alica i odabir najbolje konfiguracije meÅ”alice, uzimajuÄi u obzir ukupnu trajektoriju granule, broj elemenata za meÅ”anje i kvalitet dobijene smeÅ”e. Rezultati numeriÄke simulacije statiÄkih meÅ”alica uporeÄeni su sa eksperimentalnim rezultatima, a kvalitet meÅ”anja ispitivan je kriterijumom relativne standardne devijacije. Uticaji tipa meÅ”alice i broja elemenata za meÅ”anje na proces meÅ”anja su prouÄavani analizom varijanse (ANOVA).Static mixer is used for premixing action before the main mixing process, for significant reduction of mixing time and energy consumption. In this article, the novel numerical approach called Discrete Element Method is used for modeling of granular flow in multiple static mixer applications, while the Computational Fluid Dynamic method was chosen for fluid flow modeling. The main aim of this article is to predict the behaviour of granules being gravitationally transported in different mixer configuration and to choose the best configuration of the mixer taking into account the total particle path, the number of mixing elements and the quality of the obtained mixture. The results of the numerical simulations in the static mixers were compared to experimental results, the mixing quality is examined by relative standard deviation criterion. The effects of the mixer type and the number of mixing elements on mixing process were studied using analysis of variance (ANOVA)
Uticaj Bonsilage Plus i Bonsilage Forte na smanjenje mikroflore tokom siliranja lucerke
Crops at ensiling contain both aerobic and anaerobic microorganisms and a range of bacteria and fungi that affect silage quality. Typical classes of microorganisms on plants prior to ensiling are aerobic bacteria, lactic acid bacteria (LAB), enterobacteria, yeasts, molds, clostridia, bacilli, acetic acid bacteria and propionic acid bacteria. The quality of silage depends on the competition between different groups of microorganisms. LAB, which are responsible for the silage fermentation process, usually dominate the silage microflora, but undesirable microorganisms, that occur at low levels on fresh plant material, may grow during the storage of silage and lead to anaerobic or aerobic spoilage. In this study, effects of silage inoculants on reduction of microflora during ensiling of alfalfa have been investigated. The results showed that the addition of commercial silage inoculants, Bonsilage Plus and Bonsilage Forte, had significant effect in reducing total number of aerobic bacteria, enterobacteria, yeasts, moulds and sulphite reducing clostridia during ensiling of alfalfa.Biljni materijal za siliranje sadrži aerobne i anaerobne mikroorganizme i niz bakterija i gljivica koji utiÄu na kvalitet silaže. TipiÄne klase mikro-organizama na biljkama pre siliranja su aerobne bakterije, bakterije mleÄne kiseline (LAB), enterobakterije, kvasaca, plesni, klostridije, bakterije sirÄetne kiseline i bakterije propionske kiseline. Kvalitet silaže zavisi od dominacije razliÄitih grupa mikroorganizama. Bakterije mleÄne kiseline, koje su odgovorne za proces fermentacije silaže, obiÄno dominiraju mikroflorom silaže, ali broj neželjenih mikroorganizama, koji se javljaju u niskom nivou u svežoj biljnoj masi, može da raste tokom skladiÅ”tenja silaže i dovede do njenog kvarenja. U ovom radu je ispitivan uticaj silažnih inokulanata na smanjenje mikroflore u toku siliranja lucerke. Rezultati su pokazali da je dodavanje komercijalnih inokulanata Bonsilage Plus i Bonsilage Forte, imalo znaÄajan efekat na smanjenje ukupnog broja aerobnih bakterija, enterobakterija, kvasaca, plesni i klostridija tokom siliranja lucerke
A review of possibilities for control of Salmonella and other pathogenic bacteria in pig feed
Each category of pigs is susceptible to diseases caused by pathogenic bacteria, which negatively reflects on animal health, farm production results or meat quality. Animal feed is one of the potential reservoirs of pathogenic bacteria and infection source of domestic animals. Salmonella spp. is major microbiological hazard in animal feed. Thus, there is importance for implementation of strategies for preventing feed contamination with Salmonella, by minimizing dust, maximizing hygiene of space and processing equipment in feed mills and implementing control measures in each stage of feed production. Existing Salmonella feed contamination can be eliminated by conditioning and later different heat treatments (pelleting, extrusion, expansion) in production process while changing physical structure of the feed (coarsely or finely ground mash or pellets) can influence on conditions for Salmonella development in gastrointestinal tract of pigs. Contamination of feed by pathogenic bacteria and conditions for their development can be also controlled by addition of acidifiers, prebiotics, probiotics and, more recently, essential oils of plant origin, into feed. Various strategies for prevention of feed bacterial contamination, processes for feed decontamination, as well as possibilities for controlling pathogenic bacteria, especially Salmonella, in pig feed were presented and discussed in this article
A SIMPLE SYSTEM FOR STUDING THE FERMENTATION DYNAMICS OF SILAGES JEDNOSTAVAN SISTEM ZA ISPITIVANJE FERMENTACIONE DINAMIKE U SILAŽI
ABSTRAC
Fatty Acid Composition and Ī²-Carotene Content in Egg Yolk of Laying Hens Fed with Linseed, Paprika and Marigold
Eggs enriched with n-3 fatty acids and natural pigments are desirable in human food chain due to numerous benefits for health. In this study, we investigated the effects of inclusion of co-extruded linseed and sunflower meal into laying hensā diet and replacement of synthesized pigment with paprika and marigold flower as sources of natural pigments. Four hundred 18āwk-old Bovan laying hens divided in two groups (control and experiment) were fed for 12 weeks. Fatty acids and Ī²-carotene were monitored every fourth week and successively analyzed. Significantly (p<0.05) increased content of Ī±-linolenic acid in egg yolk in the experimental group in comparison to the control group was observed with addition of linseed, paprika and marigold in laying hensā nutrition. Nearly the same tendency was observed in eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) content. Supplementation of the co-extruded linseed and sunflower meal into laying hensā diet demonstrated significantly (p<0.05) lower n-6/n-3 FA ratio in experimental group compared to control group. The obtained results showed that the synthetic pigment added to laying hensā diet provided better pigmentation of egg yolks after one and two months of the feeding trial than paprika and marigold flower. The concentration of Ī²-carotene in egg yolks increased in experimental group after three months of the treatment, and that was the first time that concentrations of Ī²-carotene did not significantly (p < 0.05) differ among control and experimental group, which shows that paprika and marigold flower as sources of natural pigments can successfully replace synthetic pigment. We shall continue research in this field with other supplemented mixtures, as there are indices for other potential feed enhancements among oily seeds and herbs
Optimization of the classification process in the zigzag air classifier for obtaining a high protein sunflower meal - Chemometric and CFD approach
In this study, sunflower meal is ground by a hammer mill after which air zigzag gravitational air classifier is used for separating sunflower hulls from the kernels in order to obtain protein rich fractions. Three hammer mill sieves with sieve openings diameter of 3, 2 and 1 mm were used, while three air flows (5, 8.7 and 12.5 m(3)/h) and three feed rates (30%, 60% an 90% of bowl feeder oscillation maximum rate) were varied during air classification process. For describing the effects of the test variables on the observed responses Principal Component Analysis, Standard Score analysis and Response Surface Methodology were used. Beside experimental investigations, CFD model was used for numerical optimization of sunflower meal air classification process. Air classification of hammer milled sunflower meal resulted in coarse fractions enriched in protein content. The decrease in sieve openings diameter of the hammer mill sieve increased protein content in coarse fractions of sunflower meal obtained at same air flow, and at the same time decreased matching fraction yield. Increase in air flow lead to the increase in protein content along the same hammer mill sieve. Standard score analysis showed that optimum values for protein content and ratio of coarse and fine fractions have been obtained by using a sieve with 1 mm opening diameter, air flow of 12.5 m(3)/h and 60% of the maximum feeder rate. Fraction ratio and protein content were mostly affected by the linear term of air flow and the sieve openings diameter of the hammer mill sieve in the Second Order Polynomial model. The main focus of CFD analysis was on the particle simulation and the evaluation of the separation efficiency of the zigzag classifier. (C) 2017 The Society of Powder Technology Japan. Published by Elsevier B.V. and The Society of Powder Technology Japan. All rights reserved