Scientific and pedagogical life an outstanding Russian microbiologist of the 20th century

Publishe

UTICAJ NPK ĐUBRIVA NA RAZVOJ SAPROFITNIH GLJIVA U ALUVIJUMU

The influence of different NPK fertilizer rates on the developement of the saprophytic fungi of the alluvial soil planted with plum culture has been studied over the three-year period (2003 – 2005). The trial was set up in the experimental plum orchard established by Fruit Research Institute Čačak (Serbia) and at the laboratory of Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Agronomy Čačak (Serbia). The soil was treated with 8:16:24 + 3% of MgO mineral fertilizer in the following treatment variants: variant N1 – 400 kgha-1; variant N2 – 600 kgha-1; variant N3 – 800 kgha-1 and variant N4 –1000 kgha-1, all treatment variants being applied in three replications. Unfertilized soil served as the control. The size of the trial plot was 68 m2. The effect of the studied mineral fertilizer rates was determined three times over the growing season. It was checked by identification of the number of saprophytic fungi by the indirect rarefaction method on Czapek nutritive medium. The results of the study suggested that the number of the saprophytic fungi varied by different fertilizer rates, periods of sampling and years of study. The application of fertilizers brought about increase in the number of the saprophytic fungi. Of all studied treatment variants, the one with highest nitrogen rate (variant N4) exhibited the strongest effect. The influence of the applied fertilizer was highest over the third sampling period. Furthermore, the effect thereof was highest in 2003. The application of 600 kgha-1 of mineral fertilizer resulted in the highest plum yield.Tokom trogodišnjih proučavanja (2003-2005) praćen je uticaj različitih doza NPK na razvoj saprofitnih gljiva u aluvijumu pod zasadom šljive. Ogled je izveden u eksperimentalnom zasadu šljiva, Instituta za voćarstvo i u Odeljenju za Mikrobiologiju Agronomskog fakulteta u Čačku. Zemljište je tretirano mineralnim đubrivom formulacije 8:16:24 + 3 % MgO i to: varijanta N1 – 400 kgha-1; varijanta N2 – 600 kgha-1; varijanta N3 – 800 kgha-1 i varijanta N4 –1000 kgha- 1. Kao kontrola korišćeno je zemljište koje nije đubreno. Svaka od navedenih varijanti đubrenja bila je zastupljena u tri ponavljanja. Veličina osnovne ogledne parcele iznosila je 68 m2. Efekat primenjenih đubriva određivan je tri puta tokom vegetacije, a praćen je putem utvrđivanja brojnosti saprofitnih gljiva indirektnom metodom razređenja na Čapekovoj hranljivoj podlozi. Rezultati istraživanja su pokazali da su na brojnost saprofitnih gljiva uticale primenjene varijante đubrenja, periodi uzimanja uzoraka i godine istraživanja. Primena mineralnih đubriva je izazvala povećanje brojnosti gljiva. Od svih ispitivanih varijanti đubriva najizraženiji uticaj pokazala je N4 varijanta (varijanta sa najvišom dozom azota). Uticaj primenjenih đubriva je bio najizraženiji u trećem periodu uzimanja uzoraka. Takođe, može se primetiti najizraženije dejstvo tokom 2003. godine. Najznačajnije povećanje prinosa šljive ostvareno je primenom mineralnog đubriva u količini od 600 kgha-1

UTICAJ NPK ĐUBRIVA NA RAZVOJ SAPROFITNIH GLJIVA U ALUVIJUMU

The influence of different NPK fertilizer rates on the developement of the saprophytic fungi of the alluvial soil planted with plum culture has been studied over the three-year period (2003 – 2005). The trial was set up in the experimental plum orchard established by Fruit Research Institute Čačak (Serbia) and at the laboratory of Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Agronomy Čačak (Serbia). The soil was treated with 8:16:24 + 3% of MgO mineral fertilizer in the following treatment variants: variant N1 – 400 kgha-1; variant N2 – 600 kgha-1; variant N3 – 800 kgha-1 and variant N4 –1000 kgha-1, all treatment variants being applied in three replications. Unfertilized soil served as the control. The size of the trial plot was 68 m2. The effect of the studied mineral fertilizer rates was determined three times over the growing season. It was checked by identification of the number of saprophytic fungi by the indirect rarefaction method on Czapek nutritive medium. The results of the study suggested that the number of the saprophytic fungi varied by different fertilizer rates, periods of sampling and years of study. The application of fertilizers brought about increase in the number of the saprophytic fungi. Of all studied treatment variants, the one with highest nitrogen rate (variant N4) exhibited the strongest effect. The influence of the applied fertilizer was highest over the third sampling period. Furthermore, the effect thereof was highest in 2003. The application of 600 kgha-1 of mineral fertilizer resulted in the highest plum yield.Tokom trogodišnjih proučavanja (2003-2005) praćen je uticaj različitih doza NPK na razvoj saprofitnih gljiva u aluvijumu pod zasadom šljive. Ogled je izveden u eksperimentalnom zasadu šljiva, Instituta za voćarstvo i u Odeljenju za Mikrobiologiju Agronomskog fakulteta u Čačku. Zemljište je tretirano mineralnim đubrivom formulacije 8:16:24 + 3 % MgO i to: varijanta N1 – 400 kgha-1; varijanta N2 – 600 kgha-1; varijanta N3 – 800 kgha-1 i varijanta N4 –1000 kgha- 1. Kao kontrola korišćeno je zemljište koje nije đubreno. Svaka od navedenih varijanti đubrenja bila je zastupljena u tri ponavljanja. Veličina osnovne ogledne parcele iznosila je 68 m2. Efekat primenjenih đubriva određivan je tri puta tokom vegetacije, a praćen je putem utvrđivanja brojnosti saprofitnih gljiva indirektnom metodom razređenja na Čapekovoj hranljivoj podlozi. Rezultati istraživanja su pokazali da su na brojnost saprofitnih gljiva uticale primenjene varijante đubrenja, periodi uzimanja uzoraka i godine istraživanja. Primena mineralnih đubriva je izazvala povećanje brojnosti gljiva. Od svih ispitivanih varijanti đubriva najizraženiji uticaj pokazala je N4 varijanta (varijanta sa najvišom dozom azota). Uticaj primenjenih đubriva je bio najizraženiji u trećem periodu uzimanja uzoraka. Takođe, može se primetiti najizraženije dejstvo tokom 2003. godine. Najznačajnije povećanje prinosa šljive ostvareno je primenom mineralnog đubriva u količini od 600 kgha-1

Effect of bread dough mixing method on rye bread quality

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of sourdough (indirect bread dough mixing method) on the quality of rye/wheat bread (TYPE 500 wheat flour and whole grain rye flour - 60:40) and determine its advantages over the straight dough method. Three bread dough mixing methods were used: I - indirect bread dough mixing using flour scalding; II - indirect bread dough mixing without flour scalding; III - straight dough mixing. The study involved the monitoring of the following: microbial characterristics of the flour and dough (yeasts and lactic acid bacteria) and of the bread (presence of Enterobacteriaceae, yeasts and moulds); chemical properties of the dough and the bread (pH and degree of acidity); organoleptic attributes of bread (volume, porosity according to Dallman, crumb elasticity, pore structure fineness, bread crumb score, external appearance, crumb appearance, flavour of both the crust and the crumb). The results showed the highest counts of lactic acid bacteria and yeasts in the indirect bread dough mixing method using rye flour scalding. The rye/wheat bread made with sourdough had a mild sourish flavour, an intense aroma, a prolonged shelf life, and reduced crumbliness. The study suggests that the technological process of sourdough-type rye/wheat bread making is an important requirement in improving bread quality and assortment that can be used in any bakery facility

THE INFLUENCE OF TWO STARTER CULTURES ON THE MICROBIOLOGICAL STABILITY OF MACEDONIAN TRADITIONAL SAUSAGE

The aim of this paper is to monitor the influence of two starter cultures on the microbiological stability of Macedonian traditional sausage. The research covered three variants: Control variant; Variant 2: with addition of starter culture CS-300; Variant 3: with addition of starter cultures CS-300 and BLC-78. The total bacteria count and Lactobacillus sp. in all three variants decreases compared to the initial value. There is no presence of Escherichia coli and Enterobacteriaceae.Starter culture CS-300 is recommended, while better stability of the microflora is achieved during the storage period, as well as a good quality. At the same time, the use of nitrite salt is eliminated, which results in getting a safe product.Publishe

Soil health-ecosystem health: From problem identification to diagnosis and treatment

The need for the general use of the category 'soil ecosystem' (SE) as objectively more comprehensive and more specific than the laconic term 'soil' is discussed and supported by arguments. Agroecosystem soils in organic and intensive farming are compared. Soil health (SH) as a new, basic property of SE is commented upon. Methods for determining SH and its characteristic parameters are specified. The need to assess the health of SEs depending on their type and utilization is emphasized. The topics covered include soil health maintenance and protection options, natural and induced suppressiveness of SEs, and potential routes to diagnosis and treatment of soils in modern agroecosystems

Microorganisms of soil ecosystems and their health

The current (at the end of the first quarter of the 21 century) ideas about the microbial community (MC), structure and concepts reflecting and summarizing progress in the knowledge of the MC are considered. The ideas about the microbial community are discussed from the point of view of modern knowledge of the role and functions of microbial communities in the emergence and maintenance of a product that is traditionally called a rather short and succinct term-soil, but which, in essence, is a product of interactions of various biological communities and substances which is infinitely multi-valued and differently conceptual, and is an ecosystem, a soil ecosystem (SE). It justifies the need to develop a new concept for the knowledge of this product-soil health (SH), as an integration of modern knowledge of MCs and their functions. Methods for determining the parameters of soil health are briefly described.Publishe

Air quality and impact on food safety

© Published under licence by IOP Publishing Ltd. Air is an important potential source of contamination in different areas of human endeavor (medicine, pharmaceuticals, agriculture, food industry etc.). During the various technological procedures of producing and processing food, its contamination by polluting substances contained in air, such as suspended particles (physical contamination), combustion products and volatile organic substances (chemical contamination) and biological pollutants (bacteria, viruses, molds and mites) very often occurs. Although the sources of air contamination are numerous (poor construction aspects of the building, improper air conditioning and ventilation, etc.), basic and common sources are people and their activities in food production plants. The task of responsible food production is to adequately and continuously implement good production practices, and thereby, prevent potentially harmful practices, to ensure environmental health and safety for the life and work of the staff in that environment, and to create conditions for safe food production, while protecting the environment

Sanitary assessment of soil in the municipality of Čačak based on the presence of Escherichia coli and Salmonella sp

The aim of this study was to assess the sanitary status of soils in the Municipality of Čačak, based on the presence of Escherichia coli and Salmonella sp. The examination involved testing soils previously exposed to different forms of degradation, including soils near industrial zones and landfills, soils close to congested roads, soils exposed to floods, and soils exposed to the uncontrolled use of agrochemicals and agricultural machinery. The data obtained indicate that the examined soils are mostly unpolluted or slightly to moderately polluted and that therefore they will not have a negative effect on plant production and the health of humans and animals.Publishe

EFFECT OF NPK FERTILIZER ON THE GROWTH OF SAPROPHYTIC FUNGI IN ALLUVIAL SOIL

The influence of different NPK fertilizer rates on the developement of the saprophytic fungi of the alluvial soil planted with plum culture has been studied over the three-year period (2003 – 2005). The trial was set up in the experimental plum orchard established by Fruit Research Institute Čačak (Serbia) and at the laboratory of Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Agronomy Čačak (Serbia). The soil was treated with 8:16:24 + 3% of MgO mineral fertilizer in the following treatment variants: variant N1 – 400 kgha-1; variant N2 – 600 kgha-1; variant N3 – 800 kgha-1 and variant N4 –1000 kgha-1, all treatment variants being applied in three replications. Unfertilized soil served as the control. The size of the trial plot was 68 m2. The effect of the studied mineral fertilizer rates was determined three times over the growing season. It was checked by identification of the number of saprophytic fungi by the indirect rarefaction method on Czapek nutritive medium. The results of the study suggested that the number of the saprophytic fungi varied by different fertilizer rates, periods of sampling and years of study. The application of fertilizers brought about increase in the number of the saprophytic fungi. Of all studied treatment variants, the one with highest nitrogen rate (variant N4) exhibited the strongest effect. The influence of the applied fertilizer was highest over the third sampling period. Furthermore, the effect thereof was highest in 2003. The application of 600 kgha-1 of mineral fertilizer resulted in the highest plum yield