Citogenetička analiza dejstva adrenalina na humane limfocite u kulturi

Epinephrine can modulate mitotic activity of normal and malignant cells and exhibit genotoxic potential in some test-systems. It is assumed that metabolic conversion of phenolic groups in the catechol ring of epinephrine leads to the formation of reactive derivatives and superoxide anions capable of damaging cellular molecules including DNA. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of epinephrine on human peripheral blood lymphocytes in vitro. The lowest concentration of epinephrine used in these experiments (5x10-10 M) was calculated to be in the range of the physiological blood level of epinephrine in humans. Three experimental concentrations corresponded to minimal (2x10-7 M), average (10-6 M) and maximal (5x10-6 M) therapeutic doses in human medicine. In addition, the highest concentrations exceeded the maximal therapeutic dose 10-fold (5x10-5 M) and 30-fold (1.5x10-4 M), respectively. On the basis of the results obtained it can be concluded that epinephrine had no influence on the appearance of chromosome aberrations under the described experimental conditions. However, mitotic index was significantly lower in cultures treated with the three highest concentrations of epinephrine used in this investigation.Adrenalin može da promeni mitotsku aktivnost normalnih i malignih ćelija Pored toga, adrenalin ispoljava genotoksične efekte u nekim test-sistemima. Smatra se da metabolička konverzija fenolnih grupa u kateholnom prstenu adrenalina dovodi do stvaranja reaktivnih derivata i superoksidnih anjona sposobnih da oštete molekule u ćeliji, uključujući DNK. Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je da se izvrši evaluacija citotoksičnih i genotoksičnih efakata adrenalina na limfocite periferne krvi čoveka in vitro. Najniža eksperimentalna koncentracija adrenalina korišćena u ovom eksperimentu (5x10-10 M) proračunata je tako da bude uporedljiva sa fiziološkom koncentracijom adrenalina u krvi čoveka. Tri eksperimentalne koncentracije odgovaraju minimalnim (2x10-7 M), srednjim (10-6 M) i maksimalnim (5x10-6 M) terapijskim dozama u humanoj medicini. Pored toga, dve najviše koncentracije veće su od maksimalne terapijske doze deset (5x10-5 M) i trideset puta (1.5x10-4 M). Na osnovu dobijenih rezultata može se zaključiti da adrenalin nije značajno uticao na pojavu hromozomskih aberacija pod opisanim eksperimentalnim uslovima. Međutim, tri najviše koncentracije adrenalina upotrebljene u ovom eksperimentu dovode do značajnog smanjenja mitotske aktivnosti

Kinetika proliferacije i citogenetičke promene u humanim limfocitima pod dejstvom estradiola in vitro

Metabolic conversion of oestrogen phenolic groups may create conditions of oxidative stress accompanied by damage of cellular macromolecules including DNA. The aim of this investigation was to evaluate the cell cycle kinetics and possible cytogenetic changes in cultured human peripheral blood lymphocytes exposed to seven experimental concentrations of 17β-oestradiol (range 10-10 M to 10-4 M). Cell cycle kinetics was analyzed on metaphase spreads prepared for a standard analysis of sister-chromatid exchanges (SCEs) stained by fluorescent-plus-Giemsa (FPG) technique. Cytogenetic changes were monitored by analysis of chromosome damage (gaps and breaks), structural and numerical aberrations. On the basis of the obtained results it can be concluded that oestradiol has no significant influence on cell cycle kinetics and mitotic index of cultured human lymphocytes. However, at estradiol concentration of 7×10-6 M, and at higher concentrations used in this experiment, there was a significant increase of gaps, breaks and aneuploidies. On the other hand, oestradiol treatment has not changed the frequency of polyploid cells. Therefore, it can be concluded that high concentrations of oestradiol pose some genetic risk detectable at cytogenetic level.Metabolička konverzija fenolnih grupa estrogenih hormona može da dovede do oksidativnog stresa praćenog oštećenjima različitih makromolekula u eliji, uključujući DNK. Cilj ovog istraživanja je evaluacija kinetike proliferacije i mogućih citogenetičkih promena u kulturama humanih limfocita pod dejstvom sedam eksperimentalnih koncentracija 17β-estradiola (opseg od 10-10M do10-4 M). Kinetika proliferacije limfocita analizirana je na metafaznim figurama obojenim tehnikom FPG za standardne analize razmena sestrinskih hromatida (SCE). Citogenetičke promene praćene su analizama hromozomskih oštećenja (gapovi i prekidi), strukturnih i numeričkih aberacija hromozoma. Na osnovu dobijenih rezultata može se zaključiti da estradiol ne utiče značajno na mitotsku aktivnost i kinetiku proliferacije limfocita u kulturi. Međutim, pri koncentraciji od 7×10-6 M, kao i pri višim eksperimentalnim koncentracijama korišćenim u ovim eksperimentima, zapažen je porast gapova, prekida i aneuploidija. S druge strane, tretman estradiolom ne menja učestalost poliploidnih ćelija. Prema tome, može se zaključiti da visoke koncentracije estradiola izazivaju izvestan genetički rizik koji se može detektovati na citogenetičkom nivou

Ekstrahepatične i intrahepatične vene portalnog krvotoka jetre u tekunice (Citellus citellus)

From studies of the extrahepatic veins and intrahepatic veins of the portal system in the ground squirrel, using anatomical methods and rentgenography the following can be concluded: The portal vein is formed by the confluence of three venous blood vessels which are present the extrahepatic part of the portal system in the ground squirrel: V. gastropancreaticoduodenalis, V. gastrolienalis and V. mesenterica cranialis. V. portae runs towards the portal fissure and divides, upon entering the liver, into a small right branch which is dispersed in the right lobes and a large left branch which ramifies in the remainder of the liver. V. gastropancreaticoduodenalis receives blood from the greater omentum of the stomach (V. gastroepiploica dextra), the cranial part of the duodenum and the right segment of the pancreas (V. pancreaticoduodenalis cranialis). Truncus gastrolienalis drains the parietal and visceral wall of the stomach (V. gastrica sinistra), the spleen and left portion of the greater omentum (V. lienalis). V. mesenterica cranialis collects blood from the middle part of the duodenum and adjacent part of the pancreas (V. pancreaticoduodenalis media), from the caudal part of the duodenum and the caudal segment of the pancreas (V. pancreaticoduodenalis caudalis), from the jejunum (Vv. jejunales) and from the ileum, cecum and colon (Truncus ileocecocolicus). The extrahepatic veins of the portal system in the ground squirrel are joined through a number of anastomoses. V. portae enters the portal fissure and divides into V. advehens lobi dextri lateralis et processus caudatus, V. advehens lobi dextri medialis, V. advehens processus papillaris, V. advehens lobi quadrati et lobi sinistri medialis and Vv. advehentes lobi sinistri lateralis which branch into a large number of smaller vessels in corresponding lobes of the liver. These veins form the intrahepatic part of the portal system in the ground squirrel.Na osnovu proučavanja ekstrahepatičnih i intrahepatičnih vena portalnog krvotoka jetre u tekunice, koristeći anatomske metode i rentgenolografiju mogu se izvesti sledeći zaključci: Vena portae nastaje iz sliva tri venska krvna suda koja čine extrahepatični deo portalnog krvotoka u tekunice: V. gastropancreaticoduodenalis, V. gastrolienalis i V. mesenterica cranialis. V. portae se pruža prema portalnom žlebu i po ulasku u jetru deli se na manju, desnu granu koja se razgranava u desne režnjeve jetre i veću, levu granu koja se razgranava u ostale režnjeve jetre. V. gastropancreaticododenalis odvodi krv iz omentum majus-a (V. gastroepiploica dextra), početnog dela duodenuma i desnog režnja pankreasa (V. pancreaticoduodenalis cranialis) Truncus gastrolienalis odvodi krv iz parijetalnog i visceralnog zida želudca (V. gastrica sinistra) i slezine i levog dela omentum majus-a (V. lienalis). V. mesenterica cranialis odvodi krv iz srednjeg i završnog dela duodenuma i odgovarajućeg dela pankreasa (V. pancreaticoduodenalis media), iz kaudalnog dela duodenuma i kaudalnoig dela pankreasa (V. pancreaticoduodenalis caudalis) iz jejunuma (Vv. jejunales) i iz ileuma, cekuma i kolona (Truncus ileocecocolicus). Ekstrahepatične vene portalnog krvotoka jetre tekunice stoje u vezi preko mnogobrojnih anastomoza. V. portae ulazi u portalni žleb i iz nje izbijaju vene (V. advehens lobi dextri lateralis et processus caudatus, V. advehens lobi dextri medialis, V. advehens processus papillaris, V. advehens lobi quadrati et lobi sinistri medialis and Vv. advehentes lobi sisnistri lateralis) koje se razgranavaju u odgovarajućim režnjevima jetre tekunice i čine intrahepatični deo portalnog krvotoka tekunice

Lack of clastogenic effects of L-thyroxine in whole-blood cultured human lymphocytes

Thyroid hormones stimulate aerobic metabolism which may lead to oxidative stress accompanied by damage to various cellular macromolecules, including DNA. Previous comet assay studies have shown that thyroid hormones cause DNA damage due to the creation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). However, cytogenetic studies have been equivocal because although an increase in the sister-chromatid exchange frequency per cell has been reported increased micronuclei frequency has not. We used cytogenetic examination of chromosome breakage and aberrations in whole-blood cultures of human peripheral blood lymphocytes to investigate possible clastogenic effects when lymphocytes were exposed to 0.002 mu M to 50 mu M of L-thyroxine for 24 h and 48 h, these concentrations being chosen because they had been used in previous studies of sister-chromatid exchange and micronuclei frequency. Under our experimental conditions thyroxine did not induced any statistically significant increase in chromosome breakage or aberrations. This lack of clastogenic effects is in contrast to the reported comet assay results obtained using purified lymphocytes, possibly because whole-blood cultures contain catalase and glutathione peroxidase capable of reducing the effects of reactive oxygen species

Arterijska vaskularizacija mozga malog zelenog majmuna, Cercopithecus aethiops sabeus

Cell cultures from the small green monkey are used for the cultivation of poliovirus in the manufacture of vaccines against poliomyelitis. In addition kidney cultures from the same monkey serve for detection of the virus in biological material. This was the main reason that prompted us to undertake a study of one part of the monkey’s cardiosvascular system and thus contribute to a better understanding of the structure of its body.Glavni krvni sudovi koji dovode arterijsku krv u mozak su A.carotis interna i A. vertebralis. Spajanjem leve i desne kičmene arterije (A. vertebralis sinistra et dextra) nastaje A. basilaris cerebri. A. carotis interna sinistra et dextra pružaju se kroz parafaringealni prostor prema lobanjskoj duplji, u koju ulaze pošto prođu kroz karotidne kanale (canales carotici) piramide slepoočne kosti u kavernozni sinus u kome se povezuju obe Aa. carotides preko A. intercarotica caudalis. Grane A. carotis internae su: A. ophthalmica, A. cerebri media, A. communicans caudalis. A.ophthalmica dovodi krv u optičke i pomoćne delove oka. A. cerebri media daje grane koje ulaze u moždanu masu i dovodi krv u lateralnu površinu moždane hemisfere. A. communicans caudalis povezuje zadnju moždanu arteriju (A. cerebri caudalis) sa unutrašnjom karotidnom arterijom i daje grane za vaskularizaciju hipotalamusa. A.cerebri rostralis je produžetak stabla unutrašnje karotidne arterije. Ona se spaja sa odgovarajućom granom druge strane ispred Chiasma opticum. Iz ovog spoja nastaje A. cerebri rostralis communis. Od A. cerebri rostralis odvajaju se površne i duboke grane koje ulaze u moždanu masu. A. cerebri caudalis, A. communicans caudalis i A. cerebri rostralis obrazuju oko hipofize i raskršća vidnih nerava arterijski krug (Circulus arteriosus Willisi)

Arteria subclavia i njene grane u malog zelenog majmuna (Cercopithecus aethiops sabeus)

Within experimental, human and veterinary medicine, more and more attention has been paid to experimental animals. One of them being the small green monkey (Cercopithecus aethiops sabeus). The small green monkey (Cercopithecus aethiops sabeus) has a shod muzzle, small teeth, and is mostly of gray-greenish color; the lower pan of its neck, chest, belly and inner sides of its thoracic limbs being whitish. Its total length is about 110 cm, the tail being 50 cm long. On its head, on both sides, there are white hairs directed towards the neck, reminiscent of whiskers. The monkeys have large buccal sacs. The extremities and tail are more gray than the rest of the body. The skin of the face, ears and fore limbs is black. The digits are very long, whilst the thumb short. Cell cultures from the small green monkey are used for the cultivation of poliovirus in the manufacture of vaccines against poliomyelitis. In addition, kidney cultures from the same monkey serve for detection of the virus in biological material. This was the main reason that prompted us to undertake a study of one part of the monkey's cardiosvascular system and thus contribute to a better understanding of the structure of its body.A. subclavia sinistra malog zelenog majmuna se direktno odvaja od luka aorte a A. subclavia dextra se odvaja od Truncus brachiocephalicus-a zajedničkim stablom sa A carotis communis dextra. A. subclavia sinistra et dextra su krvni sudovi koji vaskularišu levi i desni prednji ekstremitet, prednji deo grudnog koša i kaudalni deo vrata. Od A. subclavia odvajaju se: A. vertebralis, A. scapularis dorsalis, A. thoracica interna, zajedničko stablo za A. cervicalis superficialis i A. suprascapularis i Truncus costocervicalis. A. vertebralis i A. carotis interna su glavni krvni sudovi koji dovode arterijsku krv u mozak. A. vertebralis daje grane za duboke vratne mišiće (ramimusculares), kao i grane za kičmenu moždinu (ramispinales). Spajanjem leve i desne kičmene arterije (A. vertebralis sinistra et dextra) nastaje A. basilaris cerebri. A, scapularis dorsalis daje grane za vaskularizaciju M. serratus ventralis i za mišiće i kožu grebena leđa. A. thoracica interna daje rami intercostales ventrales koji anastomoziraju sa završnim granama dorzalnih međurebarnih arterija (A. intercostales dorsales). Zajedničko stablo za A. cervicalis superficialis i A. suprascapularis se odvaja na istom mestu od A subclavia gde i A thoracica interna, ali se pruža na suprotnu stranu od A. thoracica interna. A. cervicalis superficialis daje grane za vaskularizaciju mišića vrata koji leže ventralno od dušnika i za limfne čvorove ovog dela vrata. A suprascapularis vaskulariše mišiće proksimalnog dela ramenjače. Truncus costocervicalis je zajedničko stablo za A. intercostalis suprema, A. cervicalis profunda i A. transversa scapulae