Neutral-current neutrino-nucleus cross sections based on relativistic nuclear energy density functional

Background: Inelastic neutrino-nucleus scattering through the weak neutral-current plays important role in stellar environment where transport of neutrinos determine the rate of cooling. Since there are no direct experimental data on neutral-current neutrino-nucleus cross sections available, only the modeling of these reactions provides the relevant input for supernova simulations. Purpose: To establish fully self-consistent framework for neutral-current neutrino-nucleus reactions based on relativistic nuclear energy density functional. Methods: Neutrino-nucleus cross sections are calculated using weak Hamiltonian and nuclear properties of initial and excited states are obtained with relativistic Hartree-Bogoliubov model and relativistic quasiparticle random phase approximation that is extended to include pion contributions for unnatural parity transitions. Results: Inelastic neutral-current neutrino-nucleus cross sections for 12C, 16O, 56Fe, 56Ni, and even isotopes {92-100}Mo as well as respective cross sections averaged over distribution of supernova neutrinos. Conclusions: The present study provides insight into neutrino-nucleus scattering cross sections in the neutral channel, their theoretical uncertainty in view of recently developed microscopic models, and paves the way for systematic self-consistent large-scale calculations involving open-shell target nuclei.Comment: 25 pages, 9 figures, 2 tables, submitted to Physical Review

Photonuclear reactions with Zinc: A case for clinical linacs

The use of bremsstrahlung photons produced by a linac to induce photonuclear reactions is wide spread. However, using a clinical linac to produce the photons is a new concept. We aimed to induce photonuclear reactions on zinc isotopes and measure the subsequent transition energies and half-lives. For this purpose, a bremsstrahlung photon beam of 18 MeV endpoint energy produced by the Philips SLI-25 linac has been used. The subsequent decay has been measured with a well-shielded single HPGe detector. The results obtained for transition energies are in good agreement with the literature data and in many cases surpass these in accuracy. For the half-lives, we are in agreement with the literature data, but do not achieve their precision. The obtained accuracy for the transition energies show what is achievable in an experiment such as ours. We demonstrate the usefulness and benefits of employing clinical linacs for nuclear physics experiments

A realistic numerical treatment of Coulomb potential in comparison with the analytical approximations

we conduct a more realistic double-folding numerical treatment of the Coulomb potential in comparison with the usual analytical approximation for the different prescriptions of nuclear radius. By using this double-folding technique, we present that a superior approximation to the standard analytical rigid spheres one could be achieved. The results illustrating the differences for the extensively studied $$^{16}$$O + $$^{208}$$Pb system are presented. It is observed that the potential for the short-ranges, which one expects to be below or up-to the barrier, the analytical approximations are inferior to the double-folding procedure, especially so for the simplest radius choice. Our results clearly show that the analytical approaches are rather poor and the use of the double-folding technique for the Coulomb potential will lead to a better determination of the nuclear potential for the interaction of two nuclei

EVS Trend File 1981-2017

The European Values Study is a large-scale, cross-national and longitudinal survey research program on how Europeans think about family, work, religion, politics, and society. Repeated every nine years in an increasing number of countries, the survey provides insights into the ideas, beliefs, preferences, attitudes, values, and opinions of citizens all over Europe. The EVS Trend File 1981-2017 is constructed from the five EVS waves and covers almost 40 years. In altogether 160 surveys, more than 224.000 respondents from 48 countries/regions were interviewed. It is based on the updated data of the EVS Longitudinal Data File 1981-2008 (v.3.1.0) and the current EVS 2017 Integrated Dataset (v.5.0.0). It follows a new approach agreed with WVS to transform the former large EVS and WVS longitudinal trend files into leaner and easier-to-use files. Both EVS and WVS trend files are based on the updated Common EVS/WVS Dictionary (v.2021). It contains only those variables/questions that have been replicated by EVS and/or WVS since the early 1980s. The EVS Trend File and the World Values Survey Trend File (1981-2022) can be easily merged. The resulting the Integrated Values Surveys 1981-2022 data file contains the five waves of the EVS and the seven waves of the WVS.1. Perceptions of life: importance of family, friends and acquaintances, leisure time, politics, work, and religion; feeling of happiness; self-assessment of state of health; feelings: ever felt excited or interested, restless, proud because of compliments, very lonely or remote from other people, pleased about having accomplishes something, bored, on top of the world, very unhappy, that things were going your way, upset because of criticism; memberships and voluntary work (unpaid work) in: social welfare services, religious or church organisations, education, art, music or cultural activities, labour unions, political parties, local political actions, human rights, conservation, the environment, ecology, animal rights, professional associations, youth work, sports clubs, women´s groups, peace movement, organization concerned with health, consumer groups or other groups, humanitarian or charitable organization, self-help group, mutual aid group, belonging to none; reasons for voluntary work (e.g. solidarity with the poor and disadvantaged, compassion for those in need, etc.); tolerance towards minorities as neighbours (people with a criminal record, people of a different race, heavy drinkers, emotionally unstable people, Muslims, immigrants, foreign workers, people who have AIDS, drug addicts, homosexuals, Jews, Gypsies, Christians, left wing extremists, right wing extremists, people with large families and Hindus); most people can be trusted; estimation of people´s fair and helpful behavior; satisfaction with life; internal or external control; leisure: spent time with: friends, colleagues from work, with people at church, mosque or synagogue, with people at sport, culture, communal organisation. 2. Family and marriage: attitude towards respect and love for parents; parent´s responsibilities to their children; important child qualities (good manners, independence, hard work, feeling of responsibility, imagination, tolerance and respect for other people, thrift saving money and things, determination perseverance, religious faith, unselfishness, obedience, none); justification of abortion when the mother’s health is at risk, when the child is physically handicapped, when woman is not married, if not wanting more children; trust in family; satisfaction with home life; sharing attitudes with partner (attitudes towards religion, moral standards, social attitudes, political views, sexual attitudes, no sharing attitudes) and sharing attitudes with parents; ideal number of children; a child needs a home with father and mother; a woman has to have children to be fulfilled; a man has to have children to be fulfilled; marriage is an outdated institution; view on woman as a single parent; enjoy sexual freedom; long-term relationship is necessary to be happy; duty towards society to have children; it is child’s duty to take care of ill parent; most important criteria for a successful marriage or partnership (faithfulness, adequate income, same social background, respect and appreciation, religious beliefs, good housing, agreement on politics, understanding and tolerance, apart from in-laws, happy sexual relationship, sharing household chores, children, discussing problems, tastes and interests in common, time for friends and personal hobbies); to make own parents proud is a main goal in life; attitude towards traditional understanding of one´s role of man and woman in occupation and family (gender roles); homosexual couples are as good parents as other couples. 3. Politics and society: frequency of political discussions with friends and political opinion leadership; aims of the country and of the respondent (first and second choice); most important aims of the country for the next ten years; willingness to fight for the country; expectation of future changes and development (less importance placed on work, more emphasis on technology, more emphasis on individual, greater respect for authority, more emphasis on family life, a simple and more natural liefestyle); opinion about scientific advances; interest in politics, political participation: kinds of political action (signing a petition, joining in boycotts, attending lawful/ peaceful demonstrations, joining unofficial strikes, occupying buildings or factories); preference for individual freedom or social equality; left-right self-placement; basic kinds of attitudes concerning society; equal incomes or incentives for individual efforts; private vs. state ownership of business; self-responsibility or government responsibility; free decision of job-taking of the unemployed or no permission to refuse a job; competition good vs. harmful; hard work brings success; wealth accumulation; freedom of firms or governmental control; major changes in life; new and old ideas; personal characteristics (scale); the economic system needs fundamental changes; government should be made much more open to the public; allow more freedom for individuals; I could do nothing about an unjust law; political reform Is moving too rapidly; institutional trust (confidence in churches, armed forces, education system, the press, labour unions, the police, parliament, the civil services, social security system, the government, the political parties, major companies, the environmental protection movement, health care system, justice system/ courts, the European Union, major regional organization (combined from country-specific), NATO, the United Nations); attitude towards selected movements (ecology movement or nature protection, anti-nuclear energy movement, disarmament movement, human rights movement, women’s movement, and anti-apartheid movement); satisfaction with the way democracy develops; rating of the political system for the governing country; satisfaction with the political system in the country; rating of the political system as it was before; preferred type of political system (having a strong leader, having experts make decisions, having the army rule the country, or having a democratic political system); firm party leader vs. cooperation party leader; government order vs. freedom; attitude towards democracy (in democracy the economic system runs badly, democracies are indecisive and have too much squabbling, democracies aren´t good at maintaining order, Democracy may have problems but is better); assessment of the observance of individual human rights in the country; assessing the solvability of environmental problems, crime and unemployment at the national level; immigrant policy; living day to day because of uncertain future; frequency of following politics in the news; give authorities information to help justice vs. stick to own affairs; feel concerned about immediate family, about people in the neighbourhood, people in the region, fellow countrymen, Europeans, human kind, elderly people, unemployed people, and about sick and disabled people; party preference (ISO 3166-1); political party with the most appeal (IS 3166-1); left-right scale of political party the respondent would vote for; frequency the respondent watches TV; reasons why there are people living in need (first and second mention); opinion on terrorism; essential characteristics of democracy (governments tax the rich and subsidize the poor, religious authorities interpret the laws, people choose their leaders in free elections, people receive state aid for unemployment, the army takes over when government is incompetent, civil rights protect people’s liberty against oppression, women have the same rights as men, the state makes people´s incomes equal, people obey their rulers); importance of democracy; democraticness in own country; vote in elections on local level and on national level; assessment of country´s elections (votes are counted fairly, opposition candidates are prevented from running, TV news favors the governing party, voters are bribed, journalists provide fair coverage of elections, election officials are fair, rich people buy elections, voters are threatened with violence at the polls); political violence is justifiable; opinion on the government´s right to keep people under video surveillance in public areas, monitor all e-mails and any other information exchanged on the Internet, collect information about anyone living in the country without their knowledge. 4. Religion: thinking about the meaning and the purpose of life; thinking about death; life is meaningful because God exits; try to get the best out of life; death is inevitable, has meaning if you believe in God, is a natural resting point; sorrow has meaning if you believe in God; life has no meaning; opinion on good and evil in everyone; belonging to religious denomination; religious denomination (major groups, country-specific); former religious denomination; which former religious denomination; frequency of attending religious services; raised religiously; frequency of attending religious services at the age of 12; importance of religious service at birth, marriage and death; religiousness; churches give adequate answers to moral problems, problems of family life, people’s spiritual need, and the social problems of the country; attitude towards the role of Churches in political issues (churches speak out on disarmament, abortion, third world problems, extramarital affairs, unemployment, racial discrimination, euthanasia, homosexuality, ecology and environmental issues, and government policy); belief in: God, life after death, soul, hell, heaven, sin, re-incarnation, devil, and resurrection of the dead; personal God versus spirit or life force; importance of God in one´s life; experience of comfort and strength from religion; moments of prayer and meditation; frequency of prayers to God outside of religious services; lucky charm protects; view on the influence of religion on public office and government (politicians who don´t believe in God are unfit for public office, religious leaders should not influence how people vote, better if more people with strong religious beliefs are in public office, religious leaders should not influence government). 5. Moral attitudes: justifiable: claiming government benefits, claiming government benefits without entitlement, avoiding a fare on public transport, cheating on taxes, bribery, homosexuality, prostitution, abortion, divorce, euthanasia, suicide, joyriding, taking soft drugs, lying, adultery, throwing away litter, driving under influence of alcohol, paying cash, having casual sex, sex under the legal age of consent, political assassination, experiments with human embryos, manipulation of food, buy stolen goods, keeping money that you have found, fighting with the police, failing to report damage you’ve done accidentally to a parked vehicle, threatening workers who refuse to join a strike, killing in self-defence, invitro fertilization, death penalty. 6. National identity: geographical group belonging to (first and second) (town, region of country, country, Europe, the world); geographical group belonging to (first and second) (country-specific); citizen of the country; national pride; trust in other people in the country, neighborhood, people personally known, people you meet for the first time, people of another religion, and people of another nationality; opinion on the European Union; immigrant status; important aspects of national identity (being born in the country, to respect country´s political institutions and laws, having country´s ancestry, to be able speak the national language); attitude towards immigrants and their customs and traditions (take away jobs, increase crime problems, are a strain on country´s welfare system, maintain own/ take over customs); attitude towards the enlargement of the European Union; evaluation of the impact of immigrants on the development of the country; feeling close to the continent (e.g. Europe, Asiia etc.), the world, to the village, town or city, to the county, region, district, and to the country. 7. Environment: attitude towards the environment (willingness to give part of own income for the environment, increase of taxes if used to prevent environmental pollution, government should reduce environmental pollution. all talk about the environment make people anxious, combatting unemployment, we have to accept environmental problems, protecting environment and fighting pollution is less urgent than suggested); protecting the environment vs. economic growth. 8. Work: Job scarce: give priority to nationals over immigrants as well as men over women in jobs, older people should be forces to retire; unfair to give work to handicapped people when able bodied people can’t find jobs; satisfaction with the financial situation of the household; importance of selected criteria of occupational work (e.g. good pay, not too much pressure, good job security, a respected job, etc.); employed; degree of pride in work; job satisfaction; attitude towards work (freedom decision taking in job, humiliating to receive money without having to work for it, people who don’t work turn lazy, work is a duty towards society, people should not have to work if they don’t want to, work should come first even it it means less spare time); reasons why people work (work is like a business transaction, I do the best I can regardless o pay, I wouldn’t work if I didn’t have to, I wouldn’t work if work interfered my life, work is most important in my life, I never had a paid job); fairness: one secretary is paid more; following instructions at work. Demography: sex; year of birth; born in the country of interview; country of birth (ISO 3166-1 code, ISO 3166-1/3 Alpha code); year of immigration into the country; age; age recoded, age recodes (3 intervals); stable relationship; stable relationship before; marital status; Lived with partner before marriage; living with partner; ever been married before; number of children; had any children; number of children still living at home; number of people in the household (household size); age at completion of education (recoded in intervals); Educational level respondent (8 categories, ISCED 97 - one digit, ISCED 11 ‐ one digit, country-specific, recoded); living together with parents; employment status; employment status last job; supervisor function and number of supervised people (3 categories); number of employees (4 categories); institution of occupation; occupational sector: job profession/industry (2-digit ISCO88, 2-digit ISCO08); profession/ job; occupational status (SIOPS, ISEI, egp11, European ESeC); ); unemployment longer than three months; dependency on social security during the last five years; respondent is chief wage earner; chief wage earner is employed now; profession or job of chief wage earner; socio-economic status of respondent; income: scale of incomes (EVS); income (country-specific); monthly household income (x1000), corrected for ppp in euros; income level (3 categories) EVS. Information on partner/spouse: born in the country of interview; country of birth of partner/spouse (ISO 3166-1 code, ISO 3166-1/3 Alpha code); educational level of spouse/partner (ISCED 97 - one digit, ISCED 11 -one digit, country-specific, 8 categories, recoded); employment status; employment status last job; job profession/industry (2-digit ISCO88, 2-digit ISCO08); occupational status (SIOPS, ISEI, European ESeC, egp11); number of employees (company size); supervisor function and number of supervised people. Information on respondent’s parents: father and mother born in the country; country of birth of father and mother (ISO 3166-1 code and ISO 3166-1/3 Alpha code); educational level of father (ISCED 97 - one digit, ISCED 11 - one digit, country-specific, ISO 3166-1, 8 categories, recoded); educational level of mother (ISCED 11 - one digit, recoded); employment status of father when the respondent was 14 years old; characterization of the parents when respondent was 14 years old (scale: liked to read books, discussed politics at home with their child, liked to follow the news, had problems making ends meet, had problems replacing broken things); occupational group - respondent´s father (EVS5 - main earner) (respondent 14 years old). Additionally coded: ID: Original respondent number; unified respondent number; unified respondent number (EVS/WVS); interviewer number. Interview: mode of data collection; total length of interview; time of the interview - Start (hh.mm); time of the interview - End (hh.mm); date interview (YYYYMMDD); language of the interview (WVS/EVS list of languages); language of the interview (ISO 639-1 alpha-2 / 639-2 alpha-3); survey year; year/month of start-fieldwork; year/month of end-fieldwork; region: region where the interview was conducted; region where the intervies was conducted ((NUTS-1): NUTS version 2006, (NUTS-2): NUTS version 2006), (NUTS-1): NUTS version 2016, (NUTS-2): NUTS version 2016); size of town where interview was conducted (5 categories); size of town (country-specific); type of habitat; ethnic group; Post-Materialist index 12-item, 4-item). Weights: population size weight; weight; weight (with split ups); equilibrated weight-1000. Administration and protocol variables: country (CoW Numeric code); study; EVS-wave; EVS/WVS-wave; country (ISO 3166-1 Numeric code); country (ISO 3166-1 Numeric code) (with split ups); country (ISO 3166-1 Alpha-2 code); country (ISO 3166-1 Alpha-2 code) (with split ups); country - wave - study - set – year; country - wave - study - set - year (with split ups); country – wave; country - wave (with split ups); country – year; country - year (with split ups); GESIS study number (EVS wave); GESIS study number; GESIS archive version, GESIS archive version (EVS wave); Flag variable: Duplicate Cases. Design/ structure: year/ month of fieldwork-end (matrix design) (EVS5); year/ month of fieldwork-start (matrix design) (EVS5); matrix attribution (group/variable bloc) (EVS5); Mixed mode/matrix design (EVS5); mode of data collection (follow-up) (EVS5); date of interview (follow-up) (EVS5); time of the interview-start (constructed) (follow-up) (EVS5); time of the interview-end (constructed) (follow-up) (EVS5); survey year (follow-up) (EVS5). Interviewer rating: respondent’s interest during the interview.Die European Values Study ist ein groß angelegtes, länderübergreifendes und längsschnittliches Umfrageforschungsprogramm darüber, wie die Europäer über Familie, Arbeit, Religion, Politik und Gesellschaft denken. Die Umfrage wird alle neun Jahre in einer wachsenden Anzahl von Ländern wiederholt und gibt Einblicke in die Ideen, Überzeugungen, Präferenzen, Einstellungen, Werte und Meinungen der Bürger in ganz Europa. Das EVS Trend File 1981-2017 wird aus den fünf EVS-Wellen erstellt und deckt fast 40 Jahre ab. In insgesamt 160 Umfragen wurden mehr als 224.000 Befragte aus 48 Ländern/Regionen befragt. Es basiert auf den aktualisierten Daten des EVS Longitudinal Data File 1981-2008 (v.3.1.0) und dem aktuellen EVS 2017 Integrated Dataset (v.5.0.0). Sie folgt einem neuen Ansatz, der mit der WVS vereinbart wurde, um die früheren großen EVS- und WVS-Längsschnitt-Trenddateien in schlankere und einfacher zu verwendende Dateien umzuwandeln. Sowohl die EVS- als auch die WVS-Trenddateien basieren auf dem aktualisierten Common EVS/WVS Dictionary (v.2021). Es enthält nur die Variablen/Fragen, die seit den frühen 1980er Jahren von EVS und/oder WVS repliziert wurden. Der EVS Trend File und der World Values Survey Trend File (1981-2022) können so leicht zusammengeführt werden. Die daraus resultierende Integrated Values Surveys 1981-2022 Datendatei enthält die fünf Wellen der EVS und die sieben Wellen der WVS.1. Wahrnehmungen des Lebens: Bedeutung von Familie, Freunden und Bekannten, Freizeit, Politik, Arbeit und Religion; Glücksempfinden; Selbsteinschätzung des Gesundheitszustandes; Gefühle: jemals aufgeregt oder interessiert gefühlt, unruhig, stolz wegen Komplimenten, sehr einsam oder entfernt von anderen Menschen, erfreut darüber, etwas erreicht zu haben, gelangweilt, auf dem Gipfel der Welt, sehr unglücklich, dass die Dinge so laufen, verärgert wegen Kritik; Mitgliedschaften und freiwillige Arbeit (unbezahlte Arbeit) in: Sozialeinrichtungen, religiösen oder kirchlichen Organisationen, Bildung, Kunst, Musik oder kulturellen Aktivitäten, Gewerkschaften, politischen Parteien, kommunalpolitischen Aktionen, Menschenrechten, Naturschutz, Umwelt, Ökologie, Tierschutz, Berufsverbänden, Jugendarbeit, Sportvereinen, Frauengruppen, Friedensbewegung, Organisatio

EVS Trend File 1981-2017 – Sensitive Dataset

The European Values Study is a large-scale, cross-national and longitudinal survey research program on how Europeans think about family, work, religion, politics, and society. Repeated every nine years in an increasing number of countries, the survey provides insights into the ideas, beliefs, preferences, attitudes, values, and opinions of citizens all over Europe. The EVS Trend File 1981-2017 is constructed from the five EVS waves and covers almost 40 years. In altogether 160 surveys, more than 224.000 respondents from 48 countries/regions were interviewed. It is based on the updated data of the EVS Longitudinal Data File 1981-2008 (v.3.1.0) and the current EVS 2017 Integrated Dataset (v.5.0.0). For the EVS Trend File, a Restricted-Use File (ZA7504) is available in addition to the (factually anonymised) Scientific-Use File (ZA7503). The EVS Trend File – Sensitive Dataset (ZA7504) is provided as an add-on file. In addition to a small set of admin and protocol variables needed to merge with the SUF data, the Sensitive Dataset contains the following variables that could not be included in the scientific-use file due to their sensitive nature: W005_3 Job profession/industry (3-digit ISCO88) - spouse/partner EVS 2008W005_3_01 Job profession/industry (3-digit ISCO08) - spouse/partner EVS 2017W005_4 Job profession/industry (4-digit ISCO88) - spouse/partner EVS 2008X035_3 Job profession/industry (3-digit ISCO88) – respondent EVS 1999, EVS 2008 X035_3_01 Job profession/industry (3-digit ISCO08) - respondent EVS 2017X035_4 Job profession/industry (4-digit ISCO88) – respondent EVS 1999, EVS 2008 x048c_n3 Region where the interview was conducted (NUTS-3): NUTS version 2006 EVS 2008X048J_N3 Region where the interview was conducted (NUTS-3): NUTS version 2016 EVS 2017X049 Size of town (8 categories) EVS 2008, EVS 2017 Detailed information on the anonymization process in the EVS Trend File is provided in the EVS Trend File Variable Report