Ukupan broj čestica prašine i udeo respirabilne frakcije u vazduhu tovilišta za svinje

In swine fattening units, where animals are densely confined, dust from the animals, their skin, hair, feces and urine and their feed, especially during agitation and emptying, can rise to harmful levels both for workers and pigs. Dust level is the highest in winter, although it increases whenever pigs are fed, handled, or moved. At least one third of dust particles are within the respirable size range and can affect lung tissues, large and small airways. Considering all problems that occur with dust in swine confinement buildings, the aim of the study was determination of the portion of respirable dust fraction in the total number of dust particles throughout the fattening period. The experiment was carried out on one pig farm near Belgrade in 1999 and 2000 during the winter months. The results obtained by the conimetric method point to the large amount of respirable dust particles (greater than 70%) in all dust samples taken from the air at all vertical levels above the floor (20, 50 and 170 cm) in the full fattening pig unit (180 pigs).U vazduhu objekata za tov svinja čestice prašine potiču od samih životinja, ćelija njihove kože, dlake, sasušenih ćelija fecesa i urina, hrane za životinje i drugog usitnjenog materijala. Njihov broj se povećava za vreme uznemiravanja životinja ili pražnjenja objekata i može dostići nivo opasan kako za zdravstveno stanje samih životinja, tako i za zdravstveni status radnika. Količina prašine u vazduhu tovilišta se naročito povećava u toku zimskih meseci kada su objekti zatvoreni. Najmanje jedna trećina ukupnog broja čestica prašine pripada respirabilnoj frakciji koja penetrira plućna tkiva i sve disajne puteve. Uzimajući u obzir sve probleme u vezi sa prašinom u vazduhu tovilišta, cilj rada je bilo ispitivanje udela respirabilne frakcije čestica prašine u objektu za tov svinja kapaciteta 180 tovljenika. Eksperiment je obavljen na farmi svinja u blizini Beograda u toku zimskih meseci 1999. i 2000. godine. Rezultati dobijeni konimetrijskom metodom ukazuju na veliki udeo respirabilnih čestica prašine u svim uzorcima vazduha uzetih sa visine od 20, 50 I 170 cm iznad poda, kao i u svim fazama tova u objektu punog smeštajnog kapaciteta

Natural nutrition of brown hare and possible damage in hunting ground

U radu su na revijalan način prikazane karakteristike prirodne ishrane zeca u savremenim agrobiocenozama, problemi deficita koji mogu bita izraženi tokom cele godine, kao i moguće štete koje su posledica specifičnosti ishrane zeca. Većina citiranih autora istine da su glavni razlozi za drastično smanjenje brojnosti zeca u Evropi: bitno izmenjeni životni uslovi, mala raznovrsnost hrane, sve veća upotreba herbicida, kao i različite zarazne bolesti. Na osnovu pregleda literature vidi se da zec konzumira i do 100 različitih vrsta biljaka, odnosno trave, leguminoze i druge biljke, uglavnom korove, sa oranica ili iz prirode. Pri tome, u jesenjem i zimskom periodu najveći afinitet pokazuje prema pšenici a u prolećnom i letnjem periodu prema soji, detelini i kukuruzu, pri čemu nastaju i manje štete. Nasuprot tome, daleko je veći značaj šteta koje čini u voćarstvu. Letnji deficiti u ishrani zeca javljaju se nakon žetve i mogu imati ozbiljne posledice na telesnu kondiciju i reprodukciju. U skladu sa tam, preporučuje se zasnivanje „zelenih koridora“. Ostali oblici prihraljivanja zeca su od malog značaja. U cilju smanjenja šteta u voćarstvu preporučuje se upotreba mehaničkih zaštitinih sredstava tipa folija ili mrežica.In this paper, a review of the characteristics of natural hare diet in modern agrobiocenose, the problems of deficit that can be expressed throughout the year, as well as possible damages that result from specific hare nutrition. Most cited authors point out that the main reasons for the drastic reduction in the number of hare in Europe: it changed living conditions, a small variety of food, increased use of herbicides, and various infectious diseases. Upon review of the literature shows that hares consume up to 100 different species of plants and grasses, legumes and other plants, mostly weeds, with arable land and from nature. In addition, in autumn and winter period shows a high affinity to wheat, in the spring and summer to soybeans, clover and maize, resulting in less damage. In contrast, is far more significant damage that makes the fruit. Summer food deficits in the hare nutrition occurs after harvest and can have serious effects on body condition and reproduction. Accordingly, we recommend the establishment of „green corridors“. Other forms of dressing a hare are of little significance. In order to reduce damage to fruit is recommended to use mechanical means of type of protective foil or mesh

Analysis of state and application of technological process to pheasant farm by regional hunting association in Serbia

Lovački savez Srbije preko svoja 212 lovačkih udruženja gazduje sa 89% ukupne površine lovišta u Srbiji. Dvadeset dva lovačka udruženja registrovala su proizvodnju fazana, dok je sada proizvodni proces prisutan samo kod petnaest. U radu su prikazanы proizvodni kapaciteti analiziranih fazanerija. Analizom su uključeni sledeći parametri: ukupna površina fazanerija, površine pod volijerama za držanje matičnog jata, kavezni ili po dni sistem gajenja fazančića, prostorы sa ispustima, volijere za podivljavanje, tehnička opremljenost faza- nerije, kao i stanje matičnog jata. Na osnovu analize utvrđeno je da brojnost matičnog jata omogućava proizvodnju koja prevazilazi potrebe tržišta u Srbiji. Analizom predhodno navedenih parametara u pojedinim fazanerijama, sačinjen je predlog restruktuiranja proizvodnыh tehnologija fazanerija u cilju postizanja rentabilnosti proizvodnje fazanerija.The Hunting Association of Serbia over its 212 regional hunting associations, managed with 89% of the total area of hunting grounds in Serbia. Twenty-two regional hunting associations are registered pheasant production, and is now manufacturing process can be found only fifteen. This paper presents the manufacturing capacity of the analyzed pheasant farm. The analysis included the following parameters: total pheasant farm, land under aviary holding flock, cage and floor system rearing pheasant chickens, spaces with vents, aviary for run amok, technical equipment of pheasant farm, and the state flock. Analysis showed that the number of flock enables production that exceeds the needs of the market in Serbia. Analysis previously mentioned parameters in some pheasant farm, made a proposal of restructuring of production technologies pheasant farm in order to achieve profitability pheasant farm production

Kinetic study of the reaction between sodium ethyl xanthogenacetate and alkylamine

In this paper the kinetics of the reaction between sodium ethyl xanthogenacetate (NaEtXAc) and six amines was investigated. In order to determine the wavelength for following the reaction, the influence of the structures of reactants on the absorption (at 280 nm) was investigated. The values of rate constants for selected amines, at different temperatures were determined. It was confirmed that the reactions investigated are of the second-order. On the basis of the reaction rate constants and at the different temperatures, several thermodynamic parameters were calculated such as the energy of activation, the frequency factor, the activation entropy, Gibb's free-energy of the activation and the activation enthalpy. By evaluating the obtained results some assumptions that refer to the reaction mechanisms of nucleophilic attack of amine on the thiocarbonyl carbon, as well as forming of an activated complex as a critical step, were made

Procena potencijalnog i aktuelnog rizika transmisije uzročnika lajmske bolesti na teritoriji Beograda

In the territory of Belgrade, at 16 sites (15 of test and one control), which belong to different enviromental categories such as: parks (Topcider, Hajd park, park Banovo brdo, Sumice, Usce), park-forests (Kosutnjak, Zvezdara, SP Jajinci, Banjica, Ada Ciganlija) and forests (Avala, Lipovica, Bojcinska forest, Manastirska forest, Makis), there were investigated potential and actual risk of transmission of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato. Suplja Stena was taken as a control site, where no chemical treatment was performed. Once of month, from March to October 2012, ticks were collected by flag-hours (drag-and-drop) method. Ticks were determined by the species and all Ixodes ricinus were observed by a dark-field microscope. A total of 3,158 individual ticks were collected, out of which 2,797 (88,6%) were Ixodes ricinus, 175 (5,5%) Dermacentor reticulatus and 186 (5,9%) Rhipicephalus sanguineus. At forest sites there were collected 1,102 Ixodes ricinus, in park-forest regions 730 and in the parks 569. Infection rate of ticks by B. burgdorferi sensu lato at the forest sites ranged between 23,8 and 36,3%, in the park-forests region 23,2- 32,6% and 23,8 to 40% in the parks. Twelve of the sites met the criteria for high potential risk and three of them for moderate risk. Except for Makis, at all the forest sites, the actual risk from March to April was certain, and in other months the risk varied. In the park-forest regions, the actual risk was registered 16 times, the possible risk 23 times, and the limited riosk once. At the sites belonging to the park areas, cetrain actual risk was established 3 times, possible risk 30 times and the limited 7 times At the control site Suplja Stena, the actual risk of transmission of B. burgdorferi sensu lato was registered during all the months of the reaserch. At the territory of Belgrade there are favorable conditions for maintaining vector Lyme disease and the potential and actual risk of transmission of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato.Na tertoriji Beograda na 16 lokaliteta (15 opitnih i jedan kontrolni) koji su pripadali različitim ekološkim kategorijama: parkovi (Topčider, Ušće, park Banovo brdo, Šumice, Hajd park), park-šume (Košutnjak, Zvezdara, SP Jajinci, Ada Ciganlija, Banjica) i šume (Avala, Lipovica, Bojčinska šuma, Manastirska šuma, Makiš) istraživan je potencijalni i aktuelni rizik transmisije Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato. Za kontrolni lokalitet uzeta je Šuplja Stena na kojoj se ne izvode hemijski tretmani. Jednom mesečno, od marta do oktobra 2012. godine, metodom flag-časa sakupljani su krpelji. Krpelji su determinisani do vrste. Svi krpelji Ixodes ricinus pregledani su u tamnom polju mikroskopa. Ukupno je prikupljeno 3.158 jedinki krpelja od čega 2.797 (88,6%) I. ricinus, 175 (5,5%) Dermacentor reticulatus i 186 (5,9%) Rhipicephalus sanguineus. Na šumskim lokalitetima sakupljeno je 1.102 I. ricinus, na lokalitetima park-šuma 730 i na lokalitetima parkova 569. Inficiranost krpelja B. burgdorferi sensu lato na lokalitetima šuma kretala se između 23,8 i 36,3%, na lokalitetima park-šuma 23,2 - 32,6% i na lokalitetima parkova 23,8 - 40,0%. Dvanaest lokaliteta je ispunjavalo uslove visokog potencijalnog rizika, a 3 umerenog. Sem Makiša, na lokalitetima šuma, aktuelni rizik je marta i aprila bio siguran, a u ostalim mesecima je bio promenljiv. Na lokalitetima park-šuma, siguran aktuelni rizik je registrovan 16 puta, moguć rizik 23 i ograničen jednom. Na lokalitetima koji pripadaju parkovskim površinama, siguran aktuelni rizik je ustanovljen 3 puta, moguć 30 i ograničen 7 puta. Na kontrolnom lokalitetu Šuplja Stena, aktuelni rizik transmisije B. burgdorferi sensu lato je registrovan svih meseci istraživanja. Na teritoriji Beograda postoje povoljni uslovi za održavanje vektora lajmske bolesti i potencijalni i aktuelni rizik za transmisiju B. burgdorferi sensu lato

Analysis of the features of hunting grounds in Serbia

Covering almost the entire territory of Serbia, hunting grounds occupy a unique role not only in the country's hunting practices but also in game management and wildlife conservation. Therefore, it is useful to be acquainted with their characteristics in order to manage game in a sustainable manner. Nevertheless, there has not been a proper study on the condition of hunting grounds in Serbia since the country's transition process, which reshaped the hunting sector as a whole. The purpose of this research is to identify and analyze the features of hunting grounds in Serbia in order to establish a base for future scientific research and appropriate decision making. The research results were obtained on the basis of the data on 272 hunting grounds in Serbia, collated during the hunting year of 2012/2013 and compared with the last comprehensive hunting analysis at the national level in 2001. The analysis suggests that the regal hunting system is still predominant in Serbia. The quality of hunting grounds has been enhanced to a certain extent, although there are yet some challenges which pose a threat to sustainable management such as the oversized hunting areas, lack of employees and poor financial condition.Lovišta u Srbiji imaju jedinstvenu ulogu, pošto se prostiru preko skoro celokupne državne teritorije i služe na samo za lov, nego i za gazdovanje divljači i zaštitu divljih životinja. Zbog toga je korisno poznavati njihove osobine da bi se moglo gazdovati divljači na održiv način. Uprkos svojoj ulozi, od tranzicionih promena u Srbiji koje su preoblikovale i lovstvo, nije bilo odgovarajuće studije koja bi na nacionalnom nivou utvrdila stanje lovišta. Cilj ovog istraživanja je da analizira osobine lovišta u Srbiji i identifikuje njihove karakteristike radi uspostavljanja osnove za buduća naučna istraživanja i odgovarajuće donošenje odluka. Rezultati ovog istraživanja su dobijeni na osnovu podataka prikupljenih iz 272 lovišta u Srbiji za lovnu 2012/2013 godinu i upoređeni sa poslednjom sveobuhvatnom analizom lovstva na nacionalnom nivou iz 2001. godine. Analiza ukazuje da je u Srbiji i dalje dominantan regalni sistem gazdovanja. Kvalitet lovišta je donekle poboljšan, iako i dalje postoje izazovi koji ugrožavaju održivo gazdovanje, kao što su prevelike površine lovišta, nedovoljan broj zaposlenih i teška finansijska situacija

Značaj obradivih površina u Srbiji za ishranu fazana i zeca i brojnost populacija

In this review paper has been shown how the specific feeding brown hares and pheasant, the structure of arable land in the hunting grounds of Serbia and its importance as a nutrient base for the number of populations of these species. The spatial distribution and abundance of brown hares and pheasants primarily affect natural factors (climate, disease and predators) and to some extent, extent and anthropogenic factors (agricultural work, transportation, hunting ...). Hunting grounds in Serbia occupy a total area of 8,828,528.29 hectares, of which the fields and fields 3,787,836.13 hectares or 42.9%. This structure in the hunting area (the area under cereals in particular) have a major impact on the number of brown hares and pheasants, which in recent years has the trend. In contrast, the recorded increase in the percentage of killing relative to base stock of game, which the hardest in 2008. amounted to 18.02% and 45.78% for the pheasants. Based on the literature review it is evident that the intensification of agriculture and reducing the natural diversity of food are of great importance for the number of hares and pheasant populations. A partial solution to this problem is in the preservation of 'green oasis' and found a 'green corridor' between large areas of monoculture, organic vegetable production, control the number of predators and offspring production in the rabbit and pheasant farm. .U radu su na revijalan način prikazane specifičnosti ishrane fazana i zeca, struktura obradivih površina u lovištima Srbije i njihov značaj kao hranidbene baze za brojnost populacija ovih vrsta divljači. Na prostornu distribuciju i brojnost fazana i zeca utiču prvenstveno prirodni faktori (klima, bolesti i predatori) a u značajnoj meri i antropogeni faktori (poljoprivredni radovi, saobraćaj, lov...). Lovišta u Srbiji zauzimaju ukupnu površinu od 8.828.528,29 ha, od čega je pod njivama i oranicama 3.787.836,13 ha, odnosno 42,9%. Ovakva struktura površina u lovištima (naročito površina pod cerealijama) ima veliki uticaj na brojnost populacija zeca i fazana, koja zadnjih godina ima trend smanjenja. Nasuprot tome, beleži se povećanje procenta odstrela u odnosu na matični fond divljači, koji za zeca u 2008. godini iznosi 18,02% a za fazana 45,78%. Na osnovu pregleda literature evidentno je da intenzifikacija poljoprivrede i smanjenje raznovrsnosti prirodne ishrane imaju veliki značaj za brojnost populacija zeca i fazana. Delimično rešenje ovog problema je u: očuvanju 'zelenih oaza' i zasnivanje 'zelenih koridora' između velikih površina sa monokultura, organskoj biljnoj proizvodnji, kontroli brojnosti predatora i proizvodnji podmlatka zeca i fazana u odgajivalištima. . PR Projekat Ministarstva nauke Republike Srbije, br. TR-31009

Deficit of natural food for pheasant in modern agrobiocenose and additional feeding

U radu su na revijalan način prikazane karakteristike prirodne ishrane fazana u lovištima ravničarskog tipa, kao i mere za njeno popravljanje. Istraživanjima je utvrđeno da se adekvatnom i blagovremenom ishranom fazana može povećati njihova masa do lovne sezone za 45-50%. Na početku vegetacije lovište najčešće pruža obilje hrane biljnog i životinjskog porekla za fazane. Međutim, već posle kombajniranja strnih žita bitno se smanjuje raspoloživa hrana zbog paljenja i zaoravanja strništa pa je neophodno vrpšti prihranjivanje. Za dodatnu ishranu najčešće se koristi zrnasta hraniva, eventualno peletirane smeše koncentrata prečnika 3-5 mm, kao i sočna hraniva (repa, mrkva, kupus, kelj, čičoka i otpaci voćaj.Preporučuje se da intenzivno prihranjivanje fazana počne u ravničarskim predelima od novembra i traje do kraja marta, na srednje visokom terenima od oktobra i traje do kraja marta, a na visokim od oktobra do kraja aprila. Za zimsku prihranu fazana planira se dnevna količina zrnaste hrane minimalno 40 g po jedinki, odnosno optimalno 60 g. U toku zime fazan može da koristi i povrnšne zasejane keljom, kao i njive sa mladim žitom.This paper presents a review o f characteristics of a natural pheasant nutrition in hunting grounds plain type, and measures for its improvement. Research has shown that adequate and timely nutrition pheasants can increase their weight to the hunting season up to 45-50%. Of early-season hunting ground usually provides plenty o f plant and animal origin food for pheasants. However, even after harvesting small grains significantly reduced food availability due to burning and plowing under o f stubble, so it is necessary to conduct feeding. As additional food commonly used feed grain, possibly pellet feed concentrate diameter 3-5 mm, and juicy feeds (beet, carrot, cabbage, kale, Jerusalem artichoke and finit waste). It is recommended that intensive feeding of pheasants in the plains begin in November and lasts until the end o f March, in midle high areas begin in October and lasts until the end o f March, and in the higher areas from October to late April. The winter feeding of pheasants is planned daily amount o f food grain at least 40 g per animal, ie the optimal 60 years During the winter pheasant can be used and the area planted kale, and fields o f young wheat

Značaj dopunske ishrane fazana i zeca za reproduktivne rezultate i odstrelnu masu

In this review paper has been shown how the specific nutrition of brown hare and pheasant, forms and procedures of supplement, and their impact on reproductive performance and weight of the hunted species. Pheasant use of nutrients in the diet of vegetable and animal origin. Food of animal origin (mainly insects) participate in the meal to 80% of offspring, and in serving adults with 20-30%. Nutrition brown hare as expressive herbivore is based on wild plant species and crop cultures. Previous studies indicate that in rural areas about 50% rabbit diet consists only 2-3 plant species, where winter wheat is dominated by green. Supplementary feeding wildlife involves not only planning and food intake in open hunting areas during the winter, but the use of crops throughout the year. The quality of food (natural and supplemental) affects the reproductive results of a hares across the energy value of milk (14.5 kJg-1 in Spring and 11.03 kJg-1 in autumn), and the mass of hunting hares (higher in rural areas). Supplementary feeding of pheasants in the spring contributes to improving the reproduction of some results, and improving the percentage of body weight and survival of young pheasants who have settled in the hunting area.U radu su na revijalan način prikazane nutritivne specifičnosti zeca i fazana, oblici i postupci dodatne ishrane, i njihov uticaj na reproduktivne rezultate i odstrelnu masu ovih vrsta divljači. Fazan koristi u ishrani hraniva biljnog i životinjskog porekla. Hrana životinjskog porekla (prvenstveno insekti) učestvuju u obroku podmlatka do 80%, a u obroku odraslih sa 20-30%. Ishrana zeca kao ortodoksnog herbivore se zasniva na divljim biljnim vrstama i ratarskim kulturama. Ranija istraživanja ukazuju da u poljoprivrednim područjima oko 50% ishrane zeca čine samo 2-3 biljne vrste, pri čemu zimi dominira zelena pšenica. Dopunska ishrana divljači podrazumeva ne samo plansko unošenje hrane u otvorena lovišta tokom zime, već i korišćenje namenski gajenih ratarskih kultura u toku cele godine. Kvalitet ishrane (prirodne i dopunske) utiče na reproduktivne rezultate zeca preko energetske vrednosti mleka (14,5 kJg-1 u proleće i 11,03 kJg-1 u jesen), kao i na odstrelnu masu zečeva (veća u poljoprivrednim područjima). Dopunska ishrana fazana u proleće doprinosi popravljanju nekih reproduktivnih rezultata, kao i popravljanju procenta preživljavanja i telesne mase mladih fazana koji su naseljeni u lovišta

Management of Brown hare micropoppulation (Lepus europaeus L.) in hunting ground in are potiski deo Bačke

U cilju istraživanja gazdovanja mikropopulacijom zeca {Lepus europaeus Paal.) u potiskim lovištima Bačke obrađena je brojnost, gustina, odstrel, % mladih u odstrelu i stepen korišćenja. Istraživanja obuhvataju period od 8 godina, od 2002 do 2009 godine za 9 lovišta ukupne površine 205.617ha. Na osnovu dobijenih rezultata mogu se izvesti sledeći zaključci: Brojno stanje zeca u posmatranom periodu povećalo se sa 39.371 na 44.842 zečeva, ili 13,90%. Gustina populacije je u značajnoj meri pratila brojno stanje i povećana je u 2009 godini na 22,90 sa 20,09 jedinki u 2002 godini. Navedene prolećne gustine bi se mogle uzeti kao zadovoljavajuće, a naročito njihovi trendovi blagog porasta. Ukupan odstrel se sa 3.853 zeca u 2002 godini povećao na 7.821 zeca u 2009 godini, što je vise nego duplo. Stepen korišćenja zečije populacije kao osnovni regulator brojnosti u posmatranom periodu se povećao sa 0,106 na 0,165. Na osnovu svega navedenog može se zaključiti da je gazdovanje mikropopulacijom zeca u Potiskim lovištima Bačke u posmatranom periodu dobro sa stabilnom i dobrom gustinom uz permanentno povećanje stepena korišćenja.In order to investigate the management of micro hare (Lepus europaeus Paal.) thrust in the hunting grounds of Bačka processed abundance, density, shooting,% of youth in hunting and utilization. The research covers a period of 8 years from 2002 to 2009 for nine years hunting the total area 205.617ha. Based on the results can be drawn the following conclusions: Numbers of hares in the period increased from 39,371 to 44,842 hares, or 13.90%. Population density is significantly followed the numbers and increased in 2009 to 22.90 from 20.09 units in 2002. Listed vernal density could be taken as satisfactory, particularly their trend of slight growth. The total harvest in 3853 with a rabbit in 2002 increased to 7,821 rabbits in 2009, more than double. The degree of utilization hare population as the main regulator of the number in this period increased from 0.106 to 0.165. Based on the foregoing it can be concluded that the management of micro rabbit hunting grounds in the Tisa Bačka in the period well with stable and good density with a permanent increase in the level of use