Legalization of criminal profit in the course of agricultural privatization : a view from the Republic of Serbia

This scientific paper presents the knowledge and experiences related to the legalization of criminal profit with a view to agricultural ownership transformation in the Republic of Serbia. We define the concept, the standards aimed against money laundering and the real threats which create the possibility for this criminal offence in Serbia. The practical goal of the research is concerned with gaining further knowledge of the research topic, which would contribute to solving the current but also similar problems related to money laundering. In all countries transition privatization is a complex and painful process, and this refers to the agricultural sector particularly. This process is one of the fundamental factors of a market economy which must prevent legalization of contaminated money through legal flows. Parallel to this, organized crime expands the field of money laundering activities in the process of agricultural privatization. Starting from a previously defined problem the hypothesis this paper is based on is as follows: the risks of money laundering and new techniques for its integration are not possible to eliminate, but it is necessary to make efforts and undertake adequate measures to minimize them, particularly in the field of agriculture. The problem has become additionally complex due to the fact that at the beginning of 2016 the Privatization Agency ceased its operation according to the Law on Amendments to the Law on Privatization. The paper uses both general and specific scientific methods and procedures of logical conclusion, statistical, as well as positivist legal method. The manner of research includes the selection and application of scientific methods, the tion of data and the scope of research. The specific technique used to collect data in this paper includes case studies

The use of information and communication technologies by enterprises in the European Union member countries

The paper analyzes the use of information and communication technologies (ICT) in enterprises in the European Union member states. The objectives of the analysis were to examine the level reached in the application of ICT in European enterprises and explore the differences in ICT usage that exist between the EU member states. The analysis is based on the Eurostat data on ICT usage in enterprises in the European Union countries (EU-28) for the years 2018 and 2017. The following indicators of ICT usage were analyzed: fixed broadband access, the speed of the internet connections, the presence of the Internet (enterprises having a website), the use of social media, the use of cloud computing services, e-commerce indicators (the share of the enterprises making e-sales and the share of e-commerce in the total turnover) and the indicators of e-business integration - the share of the enterprises using enterprise resource planning (ERP), customer relationship management (CRM) and the supply chain management (SCM) software applications. A comparative analysis of the EU countries by the value of these indicators was carried out. The main focus in the analysis was to identify the factors that influence the difference in the value of the ICT indicators between the countries. The analysis has shown that the regional position, the geographic characteristics, the size of the country and the level of its economic development are the factors that influence these differences.U radu se analizira primena informaciono-komunikacionih tehnologija (IKT) u preduzećima u zemljama članicama Evropske unije (EU). Ciljevi analize bili su da se ispita dostignuti nivo u primeni IKT u preduzećima i da se istraže razlike u korišćenju IKT koje postoje među zemljama članicama EU. U analizi su korišćeni podaci EUROSTAT-a o primeni IKT u preduzećima Evropske unije (EU-28) za 2017. i 2018. Analizirani su sledeći indikatori primene IKT u preduzećima: širokopojasna internet konekcija, brzina internet konekcije, prisustvo na internetu (posedovanje Web sajta), korišćenje društvenih medija, korišćenje cloud računarstva, indikatori e-trgovine (udeo preduzeća koja prodaju svoje proizvode preko interneta i učešće e-trgovine u ukupnom prometu), i indikatori integrisanosti e-poslovanja (udeo preduzeća koja koriste integralni poslovni software, software za upravljanje odnosima sa klijentima i softver za upravljanje lancem snabdevanja). Izvršena je komparativna analiza zemalja EU po vrednosti ovih indikatora, sa ciljem da se utvrdi koji faktori utiču na razlike u vrednosti indikatora među zemljama. Analiza je pokazala da su regionalni položaj, geografske karakteristike, veličina zemlje i dostignut nivo ekonomskog razvoja faktori koji utiču na ove razlike

Security challenges and possible responses to them in the 21st century

The crises of recent years have brought such threats and problems to the surface which can be managed by means of complex and system-level responses. Due to the tight interrelation of risks, which are often latent in their nature, the security policy system of our age is becoming increasingly vulnerable. The study identifies the resistance of the system as a prerequisite in the security context. It highlights the perception challenges that result from the soft nature of risk factors, and argues that the means of risk identification should be redefined. Studying the challenges of the 21st century in the so-called Globalisation 4.0 context, the authors come to the conclusion that a new security narrative must be created which aims at identifying the fundamental aspects of the operation of the security net in the broadest possible interpretation of causal relationships, i.e. on a multidisciplinary platform. Besides the conventional military aspect, the political, economic, environmental and social contexts tend to play an increasingly important role in the interpretation of security – while cyber and human security are expected to be manageable as segments in their own right

Artificial intelligence and the challenge of rethinking legislation

The study examines the impacts of artificial intelligence on human rights, with a spe-cial focus on the challenge of how the use of AI can remain transparent, reliable and safe, while the advantages offered by it are retained. The aim of the authors is to shed light on the regulation paradox resulting from the black box effect arising in connection with AI. They lay a special emphasis on the fact that the adequate legal responses to an unknown technology depend on the risks identified through scientific research (“precaution principle”), though the interpretation of these risks may require a new system of aspects.In this context, the authors touch upon the risk-based approach proposed in the EU Committee’s White Book and the importance of the resulting preliminary authorisation and of continuous human control. At the same time, based upon the black box effect, which is a regulation paradox, the following dilemma is raised: Is it human or robot law that should be constituted?In connection with the efforts made to regulate the working of artificial general intelligence (AGI), i.e. the AGI safety concept, the study em-phasises that it is important to work out the principles and rules which will make the use of AGI safe already before the evolution/creation of AGI. Once AGI is there, logically, it will no longer be possible to do this as AGI may become independent and may act by its own. The authors also briefly touch upon the question of what AGIs can and cannot do (a question which raises many other issues). Further questions include whether AGIs should be controlled through penalising and restrictions or rewarding and motivation. Consequently, it is necessary to consider what AGIs’ actual rewards should be – which raises the need to redefine regulation and, in general, the regulatory system

World Order Transformation and Security Policy Challenges

This study has a twofold aim. It focuses on the complex challenges that emerge as a result of the redistribution and coordination of economic power, adding the aspects related to the functional transformation of human society ‒ the so-called connectography ‒ to the horizon of interpretation. Taking into account the possible scenarios of power shifts, it examines the new security aspects which arise primarily as a result of players’ inability to adapt to the complexity of the political challenge. The authors pay special attention to the global and regional contexts of the possibilities for the creation of the strategic security environment. They discuss the potential consequences of the simultaneous application of hard and soft power, i.e. “flexible geometry”. The authors also analyse the changes envisaged for the period until 2050, which tie the importance of the shift in the geopolitical competition to the appreciation of water resources, which will render the efforts made to acquire energy carriers less fierce

The use of information and communication technologies by enterprises in the European Union member countries

The paper analyzes the use of information and communication technologies (ICT) in enterprises in the European Union member states. The objectives of the analysis were to examine the level reached in the application of ICT in European enterprises and explore the differences in ICT usage that exist between the EU member states. The analysis is based on the Eurostat data on ICT usage in enterprises in the European Union countries (EU-28) for the years 2018 and 2017. The following indicators of ICT usage were analyzed: fixed broadband access, the speed of the internet connections, the presence of the Internet (enterprises having a website), the use of social media, the use of cloud computing services, e-commerce indicators (the share of the enterprises making e-sales and the share of e-commerce in the total turnover) and the indicators of e-business integration - the share of the enterprises using enterprise resource planning (ERP), customer relationship management (CRM) and the supply chain management (SCM) software applications. A comparative analysis of the EU countries by the value of these indicators was carried out. The main focus in the analysis was to identify the factors that influence the difference in the value of the ICT indicators between the countries. The analysis has shown that the regional position, the geographic characteristics, the size of the country and the level of its economic development are the factors that influence these differences.U radu se analizira primena informaciono-komunikacionih tehnologija (IKT) u preduzećima u zemljama članicama Evropske unije (EU). Ciljevi analize bili su da se ispita dostignuti nivo u primeni IKT u preduzećima i da se istraže razlike u korišćenju IKT koje postoje među zemljama članicama EU. U analizi su korišćeni podaci EUROSTAT-a o primeni IKT u preduzećima Evropske unije (EU-28) za 2017. i 2018. Analizirani su sledeći indikatori primene IKT u preduzećima: širokopojasna internet konekcija, brzina internet konekcije, prisustvo na internetu (posedovanje Web sajta), korišćenje društvenih medija, korišćenje cloud računarstva, indikatori e-trgovine (udeo preduzeća koja prodaju svoje proizvode preko interneta i učešće e-trgovine u ukupnom prometu), i indikatori integrisanosti e-poslovanja (udeo preduzeća koja koriste integralni poslovni software, software za upravljanje odnosima sa klijentima i softver za upravljanje lancem snabdevanja). Izvršena je komparativna analiza zemalja EU po vrednosti ovih indikatora, sa ciljem da se utvrdi koji faktori utiču na razlike u vrednosti indikatora među zemljama. Analiza je pokazala da su regionalni položaj, geografske karakteristike, veličina zemlje i dostignut nivo ekonomskog razvoja faktori koji utiču na ove razlike

The use of information and communication technologies by enterprises in the European Union member countries

The paper analyzes the use of information and communication technologies (ICT) in enterprises in the European Union member states. The objectives of the analysis were to examine the level reached in the application of ICT in European enterprises and explore the differences in ICT usage that exist between the EU member states. The analysis is based on the Eurostat data on ICT usage in enterprises in the European Union countries (EU-28) for the years 2018 and 2017. The following indicators of ICT usage were analyzed: fixed broadband access, the speed of the internet connections, the presence of the Internet (enterprises having a website), the use of social media, the use of cloud computing services, e-commerce indicators (the share of the enterprises making e-sales and the share of e-commerce in the total turnover) and the indicators of e-business integration - the share of the enterprises using enterprise resource planning (ERP), customer relationship management (CRM) and the supply chain management (SCM) software applications. A comparative analysis of the EU countries by the value of these indicators was carried out. The main focus in the analysis was to identify the factors that influence the difference in the value of the ICT indicators between the countries. The analysis has shown that the regional position, the geographic characteristics, the size of the country and the level of its economic development are the factors that influence these differences.U radu se analizira primena informaciono-komunikacionih tehnologija (IKT) u preduzećima u zemljama članicama Evropske unije (EU). Ciljevi analize bili su da se ispita dostignuti nivo u primeni IKT u preduzećima i da se istraže razlike u korišćenju IKT koje postoje među zemljama članicama EU. U analizi su korišćeni podaci EUROSTAT-a o primeni IKT u preduzećima Evropske unije (EU-28) za 2017. i 2018. Analizirani su sledeći indikatori primene IKT u preduzećima: širokopojasna internet konekcija, brzina internet konekcije, prisustvo na internetu (posedovanje Web sajta), korišćenje društvenih medija, korišćenje cloud računarstva, indikatori e-trgovine (udeo preduzeća koja prodaju svoje proizvode preko interneta i učešće e-trgovine u ukupnom prometu), i indikatori integrisanosti e-poslovanja (udeo preduzeća koja koriste integralni poslovni software, software za upravljanje odnosima sa klijentima i softver za upravljanje lancem snabdevanja). Izvršena je komparativna analiza zemalja EU po vrednosti ovih indikatora, sa ciljem da se utvrdi koji faktori utiču na razlike u vrednosti indikatora među zemljama. Analiza je pokazala da su regionalni položaj, geografske karakteristike, veličina zemlje i dostignut nivo ekonomskog razvoja faktori koji utiču na ove razlike

Reinterpreting security in the context of the new types of risks and conflicts of globalisation 4.0

This study maps the political, social and economic trends expected for the next 15-20 years, which will determine the processes of the so-called globalisation 4.0, making sure that the changed nature of the risks and their identification are also examined in the light of these prognoses. Besides analysing the shift in the geopolitical system and the increasing risks that result from new global roles, we also discuss the new, already perceivable security challenges like energy security, the security related aspects of climate change and the risks generated by demographic-change-related urbanisation processes – laying an emphasis on the context of interconnections between these and the 4.0 revolution

Nova arhitektura i rizici u poslovanju sa platnim karticama

Digitalization in all spheres of social life, widespread distribution and numerouspossibilities of smart phones as well as increasing amounts and scope of electronic contents and services lead to the emergence of new expectations and new requirements of banks, buyers and sellers, which refer to contemporary architecture of payment card operations. Payments make integral part of business operations regardless of whether we talk about traditional or on-line business operations, and this is why it is necessary to find the best manner to pay for goods or services using new technological and communications solutions. The subject of research in this paper is the analysis of characteristics of contemporary risks, development factors, economic effects and distribution of payment cards within the system of e-money, e-payment and e-banking, with a view to indicating the possible positive economic consequences and necessity to innovate and complete legal regulations in this area. The paper uses both general and specific scientific methods and procedures of logical conclusion, statistical, as well as positivist legal method. The manner of research includes the selection and application of scientific methods, the selection of data and the scope of research.Digitalizacija u svim sferama društvenog života, velika rasprostranjenost i mogućnosti „pametnih“ telefona i sve veća zastupljenost elektronskih sadržaja, usluga, dovodi do pojave novih oĉekivanja i novih zahteva banaka, kupaca i prodavaca, koji se odnose na savremenu arhitekturu poslovanja sa platnim karticama. Plaćanja su sastavni deo poslovnih operacija, bez obzira da li se radi o tradicionalnom ili onlajn poslovanju, te je iz tih razloga neophodno pronaći najbolji naĉin da se plati za dobra ili uslugu uz korišćenje novih tehnoloških i komunikacionih rešenja. Predmet istraživanja u radu je analiza karakteristika savremenih rizika, faktora razvoja, ekonomskih efekata i zastupljenosti platnih kartica u sistemu elektronskog novca, plaćanja i elektronskog bankarstva, sa ciljem da ukažemo na moguće pozitivne ekonomske posledice i neophodnost inoviranja i upotpunjavanja zakonske regulative u ovoj oblasti. U radu su korišćene opšte kao i posebne nauĉne metode i postupci logiĉnog zakljuĉivanja, statistiĉki, kao i pozitivistiĉki pravni metod. Naĉin istraživanja sadrži: izbor i primenu nauĉnih metoda, izbor podataka i obuhvat istraživanja

Siva ekonomija kao determinanta ekonomske bezbednosti - pogled iz Srbije

With new tectonic geopolitical changes, aggravation of the global economic crisis, consequences of the pandemic, disruption of the energy market and the economy of the Republic of Serbia, we entered a turbulent period of development at the beginning of the new millennium. Monitoring and studying informal, gray, parallel, hidden economic relations in the domicile economy continues to attract undiminished attention of economists, lawyers, sociologists, criminologists, and scientists from other social sciences, who try to determine its main characteristics, causes, and quantify its scale, as well as socio-economic consequences on economic security. It is possible to achieve the goals of economic security if the economic system of the country fulfils its function completely, in the absence of any form of endangering the economic potential of the national economy. In that sense, the role of the state is important. In the absence of financial activity of the state, the economic security of the country would be endangered, which in turn would endanger the entire economic system, and thereby the state as a whole. In this scientific paper, the primary goal is to provide an analysis of the deep roots of dual economy in the modern economic fabric, and at the same time to examine the relationship between instrumental measures for its reduction on the one hand and possible action as a factor in its multiplication on the other. The conclusions drawn from the actions of such opposing forces can be significant from the point of view of creating and conducting economic and social policy, as well as measures aimed at reducing the size of the gray economy. The method of research includes an excerpt and application of scientific methods, data selection and research scope.Sa novim tektonskim geopolitičkim promenama, zaoštravanjem globalne ekonomske krize, posledicama civilizacijske pandemije, poremećajem na energetskom tržištu i ekonomija Republike Srbije ušla je na početku novom milenijuma u turbulento razdoblje razvoja. Praćenje i izučavanje neformalnih, sivih paralelnih skrivenih ekonomskih odnosa u domicilnoj ekonomiji i dalje privlači neumanjenim intenzitetom pažnju ekonomista, pravnika, sociologa, kriminologa i naučnih radnika iz drugih društvenih nauka, koji pokušavaju da odrede njene glavne karakteristike, uzroke, te da kvantifikuju njene razmere i društveno-ekonomske posledice na ekonomsku bezbednost. Jedan od elemenata politike nacionalne bezbednosti jeste i ekonomska bezbednost. Realizovati ciljeve ekonomske bezbednosti moguće je ako ekonomski system zemlje ostvaruje svoju funkciju u potpunosti, uz odsustvo bilo kog oblika ugrožavanja ekonomskog potencijala naciolane ekonomije. U tom smislu začajna je ulova države. U nedostatku finansijske aktivnosti države ekonomska bezbednost zemlje bi bila ugrožena, što povratno ima za posledicu ugrožavanje celokupnog ekonomskog Sistema, a time i države u celini. U ovom naučnomp rilogu primarni cilj je pružiti analizu duboke ukorenjenosti dualne ekonomije u savremeno ekonomsko tkivo, a ujedno preispitati međusobni odnos mera istrumenata za njeno smanjene sa jedne strane i moguće delovanje kao factor njenog multiplikovanja sa druge strane. Izvedeni zaključci delovanja ovako suprostavljenih degenaritnih sila mogu biti značajni sa stanovšta kreiranja i vođenja ekonomske, socijalne politike, kao i mera usmerenih na smanjenu obima sive ekonomije. Način istraživanja sadrži izbor i primenu naučnih metoda, izbora podataka i obuhvat istraživanja