Fulminantni nekrotizirajući fasciitis sa sindromom toksičnog šoka i višestrukim zatajenjem organa uzrokovan streptokokom grupe A (GAS): prikaz slučaja

Necrotizing fasciitis (NF) commonly known as the “flesh eating disease” is a rare and threatening life disease which is often misdiagnosed on admission. Caused by group A streptococcus (GAS), NF can lead to streptococcal toxic shock syndrome with multiple organ failure and high mortality rate (30%-70%) in spite of aggressive treatment. We present a case of a young woman who was admitted to hospital and primarily diagnosed as acute appendicitis on admission. After explorative laparotomy which showed no sign of acute abdominal illness, pale skin lesion proposing as cellulitis, on her right leg was noticed. In the next 6 hours she developed toxic shock with rapid progression of the soft tissue necrosis.Nekrotizirajući fasciitis (NF) poznat kao "bolest koja jede meso" rijetka je i životno ugrožavajuća bolest koja se, pri prijemu u bolnicu, često pogrešno dijagnosticira. Nekrotizirajući fasciitis uzrokovan streptokokom grupe A (GAS) može, unatoč agresivnom liječenju, dovesti do streptokoknog sindroma toksičnog šoka s višestrukim zatajenjem organa visoke stope smrtnosti (30% -70%). Opisujemo slučaj mlade žene koja je primljena u bolnicu i primarno dijagnosticirana kao akutna upala slijepog crijeva. Nakon laparotomije koja nije pokazala znakove akutne bolesti abdomena, primijećena je blijeda lezija kože desne noge te se posumnjalo na celulitis. U idućih 6 sati u bolesnice se razvio toksični šok s brzim napredovanjem nekroze mekog tkiva

Istraživanje prisustva različitih serovarova Leptospirae Interrogans u lovačkih pasa u Bosni i Hercegovini

Leptospirosis is an acute, subacute and chronical contagious disease of animals and humans. Causative agents of this disease belong to the genus Leptospira, family Leptospiraca. As a disease of wild animals, leptospirosis is widespread through Europe. Certain wild animals (rodents, fox and wild boars) are important reservoirs and highly probable vectors for the spread of infection into domestic animals and humans. During the hunting season, hunting dogs are often in direct or indirect contact with wild animals that could be carriers of this disease, and the possibility of appearance and spreading within this cohort of dogs is very high. The main reasons for this study on the prevalence of Leptospirosis in Bosnia and Herzegovina are the regular contact between hunting dogs and wild animals (carriers), and the lack of data about Leptospirosis in hunting dogs. In total, 175 serum samples from 15 towns of Bosnia and Herzegovina were tested. Twelve serovars of L. interrogans were used in the microscopic agglutination test. Presence of antibodies of four serovars was confirmed. Prevalence of seropositive dogs was 15.4% (27/175). Most positive dogs had a reaction to the Pomona serovar 51.8% (n=14), while the prevalence of the Sejroe serovar was 33.3%, Icterohaemorrhagiae serovar 11.1% and Bratislava serovar 3.7%. The highest number of positive reactions 55.5% (n=15) was with serum dilution of 1:200. This study showed that most infections in dogs were caused by serovars that are currently not included in commercial vaccines. One of the most efficient preventive measure could be vaccination with the serovars most often found in wild animals, as they appear to be the most common source of the infection.Leptospiroza je akutna, subakutna i kronična zarazna bolest životinja i ljudi. Uzročnici ove bolesti pripadaju rodu Leptospira, porodici Leptospiraca. Leptospiroza kao bolest divljih životinja široko je rasprostranjena u Europi. Određene divlje životinje (glodavci, lisice i divlje svinje) kao važan rezervoar i vrlo vjerojatan vektor zaraze proširile su bolest na domaće životinje i ljude. Lovački psi tijekom sezone lova često su u direktnom ili indirektnom kontaktu s divljim životinjama koje bi mogle biti nositelji ove bolesti, a mogućnost pojave i širenja unutar kategorije takvih pasa vrlo je velika. Glavni razlozi ove studije o učestalosti leptospiroze na području Bosne i Hercegovine su redoviti kontakti lovačkih pasa i divljih životinja (nositelji) i nedovoljni podatci o prisutnosti leptospiroze u kategoriji lovačkih pasa. Ukupno je istraženo 175 uzoraka seruma iz 15 gradova Bosne i Hercegovine. U mikroskopskom testu aglutinacije korišteno je dvanaest serovara L. Interrogans. Potvrđena je prisutnost antitijela na četiri serovara. Prevalencija seropozitivnih pasa bila je 15,4 % (27/175). Većina pozitivnih pasa imala je reakciju na serovar Pomona 51,8 % (n=14), dok je u serovaru Sejroe prevalencija 33,3 %, serovar Icterohaemorrhagiae 11,1 % i serovar Bratislava 3,7 %. Najveći broj pozitivnih reakcija bio je s razrjeđivanjem seruma od 1:200 ili 55,5 % (n=15). Studije pokazuju da su većinu infekcija u pasa prouzročili serovari koji nisu uključeni u komercijalna cjepiva. Jedna od najučinkovitijih preventivnih mjera mogla bi biti cijepljenje sa serovarovima koji se najčešće nalaze u divljih životinja jer su one najčešći izvor zaraze

Istraživanje klamidioze u populaciji pasa lutalica u Bosni i Hercegovini

Our research describe epidemiological presence of Chlamydiosis in different categories of dogs in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Problem of stray dogs, inordinately examined and not vaccinated dogs is one of the most complex problems among citizens, nongovernment organisations and institutions in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Chlamydiosis is zoonotic disease caused by Gram-negative, intracellulare bacteria, which include strains: Chlamydophila felis, Chlamydophila abortus, Chlamydophila psittaci and Chlamydophila caviae. Disease have endemic characteristics and there is little information about natural infections in dogs, which were mostly related to conjuctivitis, encephalitis and symptoms characteristic for pneumonia. In Europe, research of clamidiosis in dogs has been conducted in a small number of countries which include Germany, Slovakia, Sweden and Lithuania. This was a first of its kind study of Clamidiosis in dog population, carried out in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The study was conducted in twelve cities in Bosnia and Herzegovina with cooperation between two departments for contagious disease in Veterinary faculty of Sarajevo and Veterinary faculty of Ljubljana. The aim of the research was to determine presence of Chlamydial infections in different categories of dogs, using modern serological and molecular diagnostic methods. Blood serum samples were taken during 2012/2013. In total, 294 samples were assessed for presence of specific Chlamydial antibodies using method of indirect immunofluorescence, while method of RT- PCR was used for determination of antigen. After assessing 294 blood serum samples, 2.04% (6 samples) were positive for Cp. psittaci. Most of the positive samples originated from stray dogs. From serology positive animals, nose swabs were taken and assessed using RT-PCR. The presence of nucleic acid from Cp. psittaci was not confirmed in any of them.Naše istraživanje opisuje epidemiološko prisuće klamidioze u različitim kategorijama pasa u Bosni i Hercegovini. Problem pasa lu- talica koji nisu redovito pregledavani i necije- pljenih jedan je od najkompleksnijih proble- ma među građanima, problema nevladinih organizacija i institucija u Bosni i Hercegovi- ni. Klamidioza je zoonotska bolest koju izazi- va Gram-negativna, intracelularna bakterija, a koja uključuje sojeve: Chlamydophilia felis, Chlamydophilia abortus, Chlamydophilia psittaci i Chlamydophilia caviae. Bolest je endemičnog karaktera i malo je dostupnih informacija o prirodnim infekcijama u pasa, koje su obič- no bile povezivane s konjuktivitisom, ence- falitisom i simptomima karakterističnim za pneumoniju. Mali je broj europskih zemalja istraživao klamidiozu u pasa. Istraživali su ju: Njemačka, Slovačka, Švedska i Litva. Ovo je prvo istraživanje ovog tipa, provedeno na psima u Bosni i Hercegovini. Istraživanje je provedeno u dvanaest gradova Bosne i Her- cegovine u suradnji odjela za zarazne bolesti Veterinarskog fakulteta u Sarajevu i Veteri- narskog fakulteta u Ljubljani, Slovenija. Cilj je istraživanja bio uporabom metoda serolo- gije i molekularne dijagnostike odrediti pri- suće klamidijalnih infekcija među različitim kategorija pasa. Krvni serumi su uzorkovani tijekom 2012./2013. godine. Ukupno je pre- gledavano 294 uzoraka na prisuće specifičnih klamidijalnih protutijela metodom indirektne fluoroscence, dok je RT-PCR metoda korište- na za određivanje antigena. Nakon pregleda 294 uzoraka seruma, 2,04 % (6 uzorka) su bila pozitivna na Cp. psittaci. Većina pozitivnih uzoraka je imala podrijetlo od uličnih pasa. Od serološki pozitivnih životinja, uzimani su brisevi nosne sluznice i pregledani upo- rabom RT-PCR metode. Prisuće nukleinske kiseline od Cp. psittaci nije potvrđena niti u jednoj od životinja

Parameters of the metabolic profile in cow blood during the dry period

Metabolizam visokomliječnih krava, obzirom na njihovu genetsku predispoziciju za visoku proizvodnju mlijeka s jedne i reproduktivnih zahtjeva s druge strane, često je opterećen te izložen promjenama koje za posljedicu mogu imati poremećaj funkcionalnog stanja pojedinih organa, a najčešće jetre i genitalnih organa. Fiziološke vrijednosti biokemijskih parametara krvi krava, koje nude različiti izvori, često znaju znatno varirati. U tom smislu, osobito su interesantni parametri metaboličkog profila u muznih krava, koji imaju višestruko značenje: od pokazatelja hranidbenog statusa i uvjeta držanja životinja do pokazatelja kliničkih bolesti. Cilj je ovog rada bio ustvrditi koncentraciju nekih biokemijskih parametara u krvnoj plazmi krava holštajn-frizijske pasmine tijekom perioda zasušenja. Ispitivanja koncentracije pojedinih sastojaka u krvnoj plazmi radi određivanja metaboličkog profila krava važna su, ne samo za postavljanje objektivne dijagnoze i određivanje težine poremećaja u životinja s izraženim simptomima, već i u prevenciji i rasvjetljavanju mehanizama nastanka novih, metaboličkih i drugih bolesti. Istraživanjem je obuhvaćeno ukupno 46 krava u zasušenju holštajn-frizijske pasmine iz dva farmska uzgoja. Istraženo je 20 krava s farme „A“ i 26 krava s farme „B“. U krvnoj plazmi su spektrofotometrijski određivane vrijednosti parametara koncentracija: glukoze, ukupnih proteina, albumina, kolesterola, triglicerida, bilirubina i ureje. Na temelju rezultata našeg istraživanja, zaključili smo da su krvni parametri koje smo pratili adekvatni za praćenje funkcionalnog stanja jetre i metabolizma u krava, a koji mogu biti od koristi i u procjeni očekivane dužine servis perioda.Due to their genetic predisposition for high milk production on the one hand and reproductive demands on the other, the metabolism of high yield dairy cows is often overloaded and under various effects. This may result in the disorder of organ functions, particularly the liver and reproductive system. Physiological values of biochemical parameters in cow’s blood may vary widely. The parameters of the metabolic profile in dairy cows have multiple significance, such as indicators of nutritional status and housing, and may also indicate clinical disorders. The aim of this study was to determine the concentrations of certain biochemical parameters in the blood plasma of Holstein- Friesian cows during the dry period. Assessment of the concentration of biochemical components in blood plasma to assess the metabolic profile is significant for diagnostics, determining the degree of disorders in animals with expressed symptoms, and in preventing metabolic and other diseases. In total, 46 cows were included in the study from two farms, with 20 cows from farm A and 26 cows from farm B. Blood plasma was tested using the spectrophotometry method to determine the concentrations of glucose, total protein, albumin, cholesterol, triglycerides, bilirubin and urea. Based on the results, it can be stated that the monitored blood parameters are adequate for screening the functional state of the liver and metabolism in cows, and can show the expected length of the service period

USPJEŠNOST PROTOKOLA SINHRONIZACIJE ESTRUSA I OVULACIJE KOD MLIJEČNIH KRAVA U LJETNOM PERIODU

Govedarstvo kao jedna od najznačajnijih grana stočarske proizvodnje se dugosuočava sa hroničnim problemom pada reproduktivnih performansi. U 2005 godini broj govedaširom svijeta je iznosio oko 1.370.000.000 grla, dok je u 2012 taj broj iznosio tek nešto iznadmilijarde, što govori o važnosti primjene različitih reproduktivnih protokola u cilju povećanjabrojnosti proizvodnih jedinki. Toplotni stres dovodi do poremećaja fizioloških i reproduktivnihprocesa, jer rast tjelesne temperature uzrokovan toplotnim stresom ima direktne negativne posljedicena brojne ćelijske funkcije. U istraživanje je bilo uključeno ukupno 54 krave Holštajn-Frizijskepasmine, 28 eksperimentalnih i 26 kontrolnih krava, uzgojenih na PD Butmir sa prosječnomiskoristljivošću od 5. laktacija. Hormonalni protokoli sinhronizacije estrusa i ovulacije su korišteniu mjesecima juni i juli 2013. godine. Krave u eksperimentalnoj grupi su podvrgavanepresynch+5dCoS2 hormonalnom protokolu. Krave koje nisu ostale gravidne nakon ovog protokolaodmah su podvrgnute resinhronizaciji sa hormonalnim protokolom Cosynch 72. Uspješnostpresynch+5dCoS2 hormonalnog protokola je bila 19%, dok je u slućaju Cosynch 72 ona iznosila33%, a što je bilo statistički signifikantno (p< 0,05). Prvi presinhronizacijski i sinhronizacijskiprotokol (5dCoS2) nisu značajnije pomogli u poboljšanju koncepcije nakon prvog osjemenjavanjapostpartum, ali na osnovu rezultata evidentno je da su imali pozitivni efekt na drugi protokol(COS72) u vidu smanjenja embrionalnog mortaliteta u ljetnim mjesecima, kada je on najizražajniji.Protokol COS72, daje zadovoljavajuće rezultate u ljetnom periodu, ali preduvjeti za uspješanprogram sinhronizacije estrusa i ovulacije uoči vještačkih osjemenjavanja su dobra kondicija izdravstveni menadžment, kao i smanjenje toplotnog stresa u skladu s lokacijom i dizajnom farme

SUCCESS OF PROTOCOLS FOR SYNCHRONIZATION OF ESTRUS AND OVULATION IN DAIRY COWS IN SUMMER

Cattle farming, as one of the most important branches of livestock production, has longbeen confronted with the chronic problem of the decline in reproductive performances. In 2005, thenumber of cattle around the world amounted to about 1,370,000,000 heads of cattle, while in 2012this number was just over a billion, which indicates the importance of applying differentreproductive protocols in order to increase production. Heat stress leads to disorders of thephysiological and reproductive processes, as the rise in body temperature caused by heat stress hasdirect negative consequences on numerous cell functions. The study included a total of 54 Holstein-Friesian cows, 28 experimental and 26 control cows from PD Butmir farm with 5 lactations onaverage. Hormone protocols for estrus and ovulation were used in June and July 2013. Cows in theexperimental group were subjected to a Presynch + 5dCoS2 protocol. Cows that did not conceiveafter this protocol were immediately subjected to resynchronization with Cosynch -72 protocol. Thesuccess rate of the Presynch + 5dCoS2 protocol was 19%, while in the case of Cosynch 72 it was33%, which was statistically significant (p <0,05). The first presynchronization and synchronizationprotocol (5dCoS2) did not significantly help to improve the conception rate after the firstinsemination postpartum, but it is evident that they had a positive effect on another protocol (COS72)in the form of reduction in embryonic mortality in the summer months when embryonic loss is thegreatest.The COS72 protocol provides satisfactory results in the summer, but good fitness and healthmanagement, as well as heat stress reduction in accordance with the location and farm design arethe preconditions for a successful estrus and ovulation synchronization program prior to artificialinsemination

Distribution and size of corpora lutea in dairy cows during puerperium

During puerperium phase in cows, uterus goes through involution process, while ovaries restore supressed cyclicity as a result of gestation. After 10-20 days postpartum (PP) luteinizing hormone (LH) levels begin to raise and renewal of cyclicity after parturition is probably most important factor for cows to successfuly conceive again. Almost 95% of dairy cows should restore ovarian cyclicity up to 50 days postpartum. LH surge is important for ovulation and luteinisation of granulosa and theca cells into luteal cells and proliferation of blood vessels. Up to 79% of newly formed corpora lutea have central vacuola, filled with fluid. The study involved the total of 54 Holstein-Friesian cows, during first 40 days of lactation. Examinations of the ovaries, were performed in the period from 10 to 40 days postpartum. Ovaries and corpora lutea were first palpated and then examined using portable diagnostic ultrasound linear scanner MyLab®30 VETGold portable ultrasound linear scanner with endorectal linear probe LV 513, 5-7.5 MHz (both Esaote SpA, Italy). The same equipment was used to monitor BCS, while lamenes was assessed using Zinpro Locomotion Score for dairy cows. The highest number of corpora lutea was observed after 20 and 30 days postpartum in experimental and control groups. More corpora lutea were observed in multiparous cows. Higher numbers of corpora lutea with similar average size were observed in right ovaries of cows in both groups, while corpora lutea were bigger in multiparous cows. Numbers and sizes of corpora lutea, may give an insight in quality of restoration of ovarian cyclicity and a solid base for prediction on future reproductive performances

THE IMPORTANCE OF BRUCELLIN ALGERIC SKIN TEST FOR DIAGNOSIS OF BOVINE BRUCELLOSIS

Infection with Brucella results in the induction of both humoral andcellular immune responses. Humoral immune resposne is based on monitoringthe occurrence of specific antibodies against smooth lipopolysaccharide (S-LPS)of Brucella. However, in cattle, classical serological methods can detect antigenicdeterminants for other types of microorganisms (cross reactivity) such as Escherichiacoli 0:157, Yersinia enterocolitica 0:9, Salmonella urban, Pseudomonas malthopilia andPasteurella. The aim of our work was to determine the immunological responsebased on the use of standardized and purified allergen in which lypopolysaharid hasbeen removed and doesn’t induce humoral immune response. A total of 16 dairycattle previously tested positive using RBT (Rose Bengal test) and CFT (complementfixation test) were tested for confirmation with BST (brucelline skin test) accordingto the instructions of the producer. B. melitensis B115 (Synbiotics BrucellergeneOCB) was used in the test. 14 of 16 cattle reacted with skin thickening >1 mm after72 hours from the application of brucellin. 2 animals with no skin thickening orthickening <1mm also reacted negative in CFT. This outcome can be attributed tocross reactions with other antigens than Brucella that commonly occurs in RoseBengal test.Brucellin allergic skin test is not recommended as a standalone diagnostic toolbecause all infected animals do not react therefore this test cannot be recommendedas a self-sufficient diagnostic test or for the purpose of international trade.However, due to high specificity and adequate sensitivity at the herd level, it can berecommended for the control of herds in areas free of brucellosis