SEM and TEM investigations of materials at the Centre for Electron Microscopy and Microanalysis (CEMM)

Modern state-of-the-art electron microscopy (EM) techniques are among the most versatile and useful analytical methods for nondestructive morphological, structural, and chemical characterization of materials. Both, scanning electron microscopy techniques (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy techniques (TEM), in essence complementary analytical methods, are capable of providing insight into the surface morphology, structure and chemical composition of materials from micrometer range to sub-atomic range. The importance of electron microscopy techniques in materials science have been readily recognized by the researchers of the Jozef Stefan Institute very early after its foundation in 1949 which resulted in the purchase of the first transmission electron microscopy Carl Zeiss EM-8 already in 1954. During the following years many researchers and institute directors have put a lot of effort into building and developing EM research infrastructure at the institute with accompanying expertise

SEM and TEM investigations of materials at the Centre for Electron Microscopy and Microanalysis (CEMM)

Modern state-of-the-art electron microscopy (EM) techniques are among the most versatile and useful analytical methods for nondestructive morphological, structural, and chemical characterization of materials. Both, scanning electron microscopy techniques (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy techniques (TEM), in essence complementary analytical methods, are capable of providing insight into the surface morphology, structure and chemical composition of materials from micrometer range to sub-atomic range. The importance of electron microscopy techniques in materials science have been readily recognized by the researchers of the Jozef Stefan Institute very early after its foundation in 1949 which resulted in the purchase of the first transmission electron microscopy Carl Zeiss EM-8 already in 1954. During the following years many researchers and institute directors have put a lot of effort into building and developing EM research infrastructure at the institute with accompanying expertise

The renovation of the land cadastre's graphical part based on surveying principles

The positional accuracy of the land cadastral index map (a graphical presentation termed `ZKP'), as one of the basic elements of spatial database quality, isotopic of on-going interest in the Republic of Slovenia. Mainly due to the pressures of institutional and other users of these data, the Surveying and Mapping Authority of the Republic of Slovenia has decided to implement improvements. At the Department of Geodesy, Faculty of Civil and Geodetic Engineering, University of Ljubljana, a working group was established in order to analyse and test in particular the so-called membrane method for this purpose. At the beginning, we started to develop our own program for the finite element method of geodetic adjustments, and then we continued to test the commercial solution of German provider. The membrane method, together with additional measurements, provides the possibility for an effective improvement of the heterogeneity of land cadastral graphical presentation (ZKP), where the basic principles of geodesy must be strongly respected (methods of the coordinate geometry topology, adjustments, error propagation law, etc.). This article is meant to introduce existing and possible solutions for the improvements of the positional accuracy of the ZKP and not to present the results of our first research

Approaches to the establishment of digital cadastral maps in comparable countries

When using and comparing land cadastral data in the framework of different land administration systems at the international level, it must be acknowledged that there are common known facts and definitions relating to the registration of land or real property With deeper study it is soon evident that the historic development of the country or even region, together with the legal framework in the field of real property registration and management strongly influence the basic functions of land cadastre, and for this reason there is often missing knowledge on the unique features of land cadastres in the particular country or region. The purpose of this article is neither the comparison of land cadastral systems regarding the level of adoption of information technology, nor a demonstration of approaches for maintenance of land cadastre. The main focus is on the influence of information technology on the development of graphical subsystems of land cadastres in Austria, Denmark, Sweden and Slovenia. The establishment and improvement of digital cadastral maps are emphasized. The final remarks are meant as the comparison of Slovenian system of land cadastre layer with the experiences in the selected countries

Acquisition of real property for public benefit

Acquisition of real property is the power of a government to acquire land, also without the consent of its owner or occupant, for the public benefit. In such cases, any government cannot rely on real property markets alone to ensure that land/real property is acquired when and where it is needed. Several countries worldwide assume that the state or local government should attempt to purchase the required real property in good faith before it exercises its power of compulsory acquisition/expropriation. The paper describes various possible ways of real property ownership appropriation with the stated purpose of establishing public interest, i.e. an expropriation, compulsory acquisition and establishment of easements for public interest in Slovenia. At the end, the possible role the Slovene surveyor in these procedures is discussed

Eksperimentalna analiza odziva grednog nosača na nejednoliku pobudu oslonaca

Experimental testing of the dynamic response of a simply supported beam model with discrete masses has been carried out. The range of excitation amplitudes for which the response is linear have been determined. The experimentally obtained displacements are presented for the case of harmonic uniform and non-uniform excitation, as well as for the simulation of the Northridge earthquake, which could be used as experimental benchmarks for multiple support excitation.Provedeno je eksperimentalno ispitivanje dinamičkog odziva modela slobodno oslonjene grede s dodatnim koncentriranim masama. Određene su amplitude pobude unutar kojih je odgovor grede linearan. Prikazani su eksperimentalno dobiveni rezultati za pomake grede prilikom harmonijske jednolike i nejednolike pobude te prilikom simulacije Northridge potresnog zapisa, koji se mogu koristiti kao eksperimentalni benchmark primjerci za nejednoliku pobudu oslonaca

Interplay between the structural and magnetic probes in the elucidation of the structure of a novel 2D layered V_4O_4(OH)_2(O_2CC_6H_4CO_2)_4·DMF

The title compound has been synthesized under solvothermal conditions by reacting vanadium(V) oxytriisopropoxide with terephthalic acid in N,N-dimethylformamide. A combination of synchrotron powder diffraction, infrared spectroscopy, scanning and transmission electron microscopy, thermal and chemical analysis elucidated the chemical, structural and microstructural features of new 2D layered inorganic-organic framework. Due to the low-crystallinity of the final material, its crystal structure has been solved from synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction data using a direct space global optimization technique and subsequent constraint Rietveld refinement. [V_4O_4(OH)_2(O_2CC_6H_4CO_2)_4•DMF] crystallizes in the monoclinic system (space group P2/m (No. 10)); cell parameters: a = 20.923(4), b = 5.963(4), c = 20.425(1)Å, β = 123.70(6)º, V = 2120.1(9)Å^3, Z = 2. The overall structure can be described as an array of parallel 2D layers running along [-101] direction, consisting of two types of vanadium oxidation states and coordination polyhedra: face-shared trigonal prisms (V^4+) and distorted corner-shared square pyramids (V^5+). Both configurations form independent parallel chains oriented along the 2-fold symmetry crystallographic b-axis mutually interlinked with terephthalate ligands in a monodentate mode perpendicular to it. The morphology of the compound exhibits long nanofibers, with the growth direction along the layered [-101] axis. The magnetic susceptibility measurements show that the magnetic properties of V_4O_4(OH)_2(O_2CC_6H_4CO_2)_4•DMF can be described by a linear antiferromagnetic chain model, with the isotropic exchange interaction of J = −75 K between the nearest V^4+ neighbours of S = 1/2