Sabit ortodontik tedavinin DMFT indeksi ve beyaz nokta lezyonu oluşumu üzerine etkisi

Amaç: Bu çalışmanın amacı sabit ortodontik tedavinin DMFT indeksi ve beyaz nokta lezyonu oluşumu üzerine etkisini değerlendirmektir.Gereç ve Yöntem: Bu çalışmaya sabit ortodontik tedavi gereksinimi olmayan 26 birey (kontrol: Grup A) ve sabit ortodontik tedavi görecek olan 30 birey (test: Grup B) dahil edildi. Grup B’ deki bütün hastalar 0,018 inç slot preadjusted sabit ortodontik apareyler ile tedavi edildi. Tüm bireyler çalışma başlangıcında (T1) ve sonrasında (T2) beyaz nokta lezyonu (BNL) görülme sıklığının tespiti amacıyla Gorelick indeksine göre klinikte muayene edildi. Her birey için T1 ve T2’de DMFT (Çürük, Dolgulu ve Eksik Diş Sayısı) indeksi değeri hesaplandı. DMFT indeksi değerlendirmesinde klinik muayenede Dünya Sağlık Örgütü (DSÖ) kriterleri ve bitewing radyograflar kullanıldı. İstatistik analiz için Kruskal-Wallis ve Mann-Whitney U testleri kullanıldı.Bulgular: İki grup arasında DMFT indeksi değişimi anlamlı bulunmazken, Grup B’de BNL oluşumu (%66,6) Grup A’ya göre (%26,9) anlamlı derecede yüksek bulundu (p=0,000). Grup B’de BNL oluşumu ve DMFT indeksi ve cinsiyet arasında ilişki bulunamadı. Sabit ortodontik tedavi sonrasında en çok BNL oluşumunun alt birinci büyük azı dişler (%28,8), alt ikinci küçük azı dişler (%23,2) ve üst yan kesici dişlerde (%19,2) oluştuğu belirlendi.Sonuç: Sabit ortodontik tedavi görmekte olan  bireylerde beyaz nokta lezyonu oluşumunun önlenmesi için bireylerin ağız bakım alışkanlıklarının iyileştirilmesi ve ilave flor desteğinin arttırılmasının gerekli olduğu düşünülmektedir.Anahtar kelimeler: DMFT, Beyaz nokta lezyonu, Sabit ortodonti tedavisi. THE EFFECT OF FIXED ORTHODONTIC TREATMENT ON DMFT INDEX AND WHITE SPOT FORMATION AbstractAim: The aim of this study was to assess the effect of fixed orthodontic treatment on DMFT index and white spot lesion formationSubjects and Methods: Fifty six patients (Group A: 26 subjects; Group B: 30 subjects) who were undergoing fixed orthodontic treatment were invited to participate in this study.  All patients in Group B were treated with a 0.018 inch slot preadjusted fixed orthodontic appliances. An examiner used the Gorelick index for assessment of white spot lesion (WSL) on the buccal surface of teeth before (T1) and after (T2) treatment. The DMFT index value was recorded for each subject at T1 and T2. The WHO (World Health Organization) criteria and bitewing radiographs were utilized to diagnose the carious status of the subjects. Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U tests were used to compare the groups.Results: No differences was found between the groups in terms of increased DMFT. On the other hand, The mean increase in WSL percentage in Group B (%66,6) and Group A (%26,9), respectively (p=0,000). In Group B, gender not significantly related to the DMFT index and development of new WSL. The greatest prevalence of WSLs was found in the mandibular first molars (%28,8), followed by the mandibular second premolars (%23,2) and the maxillary lateral incisors (%19,2).Conclusion: A more effective oral care support should be provided to subjects and caries preventive procedures (fluor therapy) should be done.Key words: DMFT, White Spot Lesion, Fixed Orthodontic Treatmen

Effects of Remote Ischemic Conditioning Methods on Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury in Muscle Flaps: An Experimental Study in Rats

Background The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of remote ischemic conditioning on ischemia-reperfusion injury in rat muscle flaps histopathologically and biochemically. Methods Thirty albino rats were divided into 5 groups. No procedure was performed in the rats in group 1, and only blood samples were taken. A gracilis muscle flap was elevated in all the other groups. Microclamps were applied to the vascular pedicle for 4 hours in order to achieve tissue ischemia. In group 2, no additional procedure was performed. In groups 3, 4, and 5, the right hind limb was used and 3 cycles of ischemia-reperfusion for 5 minutes each (total, 30 minutes) was applied with a latex tourniquet (remote ischemic conditioning). In group 3, this procedure was performed before flap elevation (remote ischemic preconditoning). In group 4, the procedure was performed 4 hours after flap ischemia (remote ischemic postconditioning). In group 5, the procedure was performed after the flap was elevated, during the muscle flap ischemia episode (remote ischemic perconditioning). Results The histopathological damage score in all remote conditioning ischemia groups was lower than in the ischemic-reperfusion group. The lowest histopathological damage score was observed in group 5 (remote ischemic perconditioning). Conclusions The nitric oxide levels were higher in the blood samples obtained from the remote ischemic perconditioning group. This study showed the effectiveness of remote ischemic conditioning procedures and compared their usefulness for preventing ischemi-are perfusion injury in muscle flaps

Salivary Oxidative Status and the Neutrophil/Lymphocyte Ratio in Multiple Sclerosis

Objective: To compare the oxidative status in saliva between patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) and systemically healthy controls in the context of periodontal health and to evaluate whether salivary oxidative status correlates with the neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio (NLR). Materials and Methods: A total of 184 volunteers, 92 with MS and 92 systemically healthy volunteers, participated in the study. Each person underwent medical, neurological, and oral examinations. Saliva samples were taken, and myeloperoxidase (MPO), lactoferrin (LF), total antioxidant capacity (TAOC), total oxidant status (TOS), and oxidative stress index (OSI) levels were determined. Results: There were no differences in the periodontal parameters between the patients with MS and the healthy volunteers (P > 0.05). The NLR was higher in the patients with MS than in the controls (P = 0.000). However, patients with MS had non-significantly lower MPO levels and higher LF, TOS, and OSI levels than the controls (P > 0.050). There was a significant decrease in TAOC levels in the MS group (P = 0.016). There were higher TOS levels in the periodontally healthy patients with MS and higher OSI levels in the periodontitis - stage 2 patients with MS than those in the matched controls. There were also higher TAOC levels in the periodontitis - stage 3 MS group (P < 0.050). There were positive correlations between MPO, TAOC levels and the probing depths, the clinical attachment levels (CALs) in the MS and control groups. While higher periodontal parameters and MPO levels were associated with increased disability factors, the CALs and the TAOC and MPO levels were elevated in those with longer disease durations (P < 0.050). Conclusion: The periodontal findings in the patients with MS are not different from those in healthy controls; however, increased MPO and decreased TAOC levels in saliva and higher NLRs in patients with MS indicate a prominent ongoing systemic inflammation despite altered immune surveillance

Use of Video Modeling in Teaching Counseling Techniques: A Pilot Study

Psikolojik danışmanların danışanlarla iyi iletişim kurmaları, güçlü ilişkiler oluşturabilmeleri için çeşitli bilgi,tutum, teknik ve becerilere sahip olmaları gereklidir. Bunlar arasında, yardım becerileri ve teknikler ön planaçıkmaktadır. Yardım becerilerinin ve tekniklerinin öğretiminde eğitim videolarının kullanılması oldukça faydalıdır.Bu kapsamda, bu video modelleme çalışmasının amacı, psikolojik danışma sürecinde yaygın olarak kullanılanteknikleri kapsayan videolar oluşturmak ve bunların psikolojik danışman eğitiminde kullanımını değerlendirmeyeyönelik bir pilot çalışma yürütmektir. Çalışmanın ilk aşamasında çeşitli psikolojik danışma tekniklerininmodellendiği kısa videolar hazırlanmıştır. İkinci aşamada, 11 psikolojik danışma ve rehberlik lisans programıöğrencisiyle bu kısa videoların gösterildiği bir eğitim ve değerlendirme toplantısı yapılmış, öğrencilerden teknikleriöğrenmelerine ve bunları kullanma konusunda kendilerini yeterli hissetmelerine videoların ne derece katkısağladığına ilişkin görüşler alınmıştır. Çalışmada “Psikolojik Danışma Tekniklerini Kullanma YeterliliğiniDeğerlendirme Formu” ile toplanan nicel verilere Wilcoxon İşaretli Sıra Testi analizi uygulanmıştır. Bulgular,videoların öğrencilerin tekniklerin kullanımına yönelik yeterlilik algılarını olumlu yönde etkilediğine işaret etmiştir.Nitel veriler içerik analizi ile değerlendirilmiştir. Elde edilen nitel bulgular “videolarının psikolojik danışmaneğitiminde kullanımının getirebileceği kazanımlar” ve “videoların iyileştirilmesine yönelik öneriler” olmak üzere ikitema başlığı altında toplanmıştır. Katılımcılar, psikolojik danışma tekniklerinin sınıf ortamında öğrenilmesi amacıylavideoların kullanımını olumlu olarak değerlendirmiş, görüşlerin paylaşımına ve tartışma ortamı yaratılmasına katkısağladığını belirtmişlerdir.Counselors are expected to acquire a wide range of knowledge, skills and techniques in order to establish effective counselor-client relationship. Among these counseling skills and techniques have paramount importance. The use of training videos in counselor education is very common. Thus the purpose of the current investigation was to evaluate the efficacy of video modeling to promote basic counselor skills building among undergraduate counseling students. After preparation of modeling videos the evaluation phase was conducted with a volunteer group of 11, undergraduate counseling students. These students participated in a training seminar in which the video modeling scenarios were presented. These students were surveyed prior to and following the seminar using a data collection form called Counseling Techniques Use Efficacy Form designed to assess their perceived self-efficacy in using each of ten counseling techniques. Results indicate that there was a significant increase in self-reported efficacy among the participants of the evaluation group about use of modeled counseling techniques also showed that the video modeling training format was well received. The results of the qualitative data were grouped under two categories as “benefits of integrating video modeling into counselor training” and “suggestions for the improvement of videos”. These findings suggest that the process of viewing video modeling segments may have a positive effect in promoting both learning and in building self-efficacy in the use of basic counseling techniques. These results are consistent with other investigations and suggest that video modeling is effective in both growth producing and efficacy building with student