Algae and their use in animal nutrition

Çiftlik hayvanlarının diyetlerinde ω-6 yağ asitlerince zengin tane yemlerin kullanılması bu hayvanlardaki yağ asidi kompozisyonunu değiştirmiştir. Diğer tarafta ω-3 uzun zincirli yağ asitlerinin insanlar için besinsel ve sağlık yönünden faydaları hakkında gittikçe artan bilgiler mevcuttur. Özellikle dekosaheksaenoik asit (DHA, 22:6 n-3) ve daha az oranda eikosanoik asit (EPA, 20:5 n-3) kalp damar hastalıkları riskini azaltmaktadır. Balık ve yosunlardan elde edilen deniz ürünleri yağları ω-3 PUFA (Poly Unsaturated Fatty Acids, Çoklu Doymamış Yağ Asitleri) yönünden zengindirler. Bununla beraber balık yağındaki bu yağ asitlerinin yaygın olarak kullanılan hayvansal ürünlere geçişi süt ve ette balık kokusuna ve yemlerde ve hayvansal ürünlerde oksidasyon problemlerine neden olmuştur. Bundan dolayı araştırmalar balık yağındaki bu kokuyu giderme yollarına odaklanmış, bazı firmalar balık yağının koku ve tadını maskeleyen metotlar geliştirmiş fakat BSE krizi bütün bu girişimleri değiştirip, otçul hayvanları deniz balıkları ile beslemenin doğru olup olmadığı sorusunu ortaya çıkartmıştır. Bu konuda gittikçe artan bir tüketici bilinci ve ilgisi mevcut olduğundan ve bunun ışığında balık ve balık yağına alternatifler bulmak gerekmektedir Yosunlar yüksek protein kapsamları, bol miktarda vitamin ve mineral ve aynı zamanda yüksek ω-3 uzun zincirli doymamış yağ asitleri içerdiğinden dolayı uygun bir katkı maddesi olarak dikkat çekmektedir fakat hayvanlarda kapsamlı olarak incelenmemiştir. Bu derleme yosun türleri, bunların üretimi, besinsel içerikleri ve hayvan performansı üzerine bilgileri incelemektedir.Use of grain feeds rich in ω-6 in livestock diets has altered the fatty acid composition of their products. On the other hand, there is increasing information about the nutritional and health benefits of long chain ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) for humans. Especially decosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6 n-3) and to a lesser extent eicosanoic acid (EPA, 20:5 n-3) reduces risk of cardiovascular disease. Marine oils derived from fish or algae are rich source of ω-3 PUFA. However, attempts to incorporate these fatty acids from fish oil into commonly consumed animal products have caused fishy flavor in milk and meat and oxidation problems in animal feed and in animal products. Research has therefore focused on ways of introducing fish oil without taste problem, some companies have developed method of masking the taste and odour of fish oil but the BSE crisis has changed attitudes and raised questions whether now it is desirable to feed herbivores marine fish. There is growing consumer awareness and concern about this issues and it would be necessary, in the light of this, to find alternatives to fish and fish oils. Algae are considered as a suitable nutrimental supplement because of their high protein content and their abundance of vitamin and minerals and also high long chain ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids content but they have not been evaluated widely in animals. This review has examined the information on algae species, their production, nutritional contents and their effects on animal performance.Use of grain feeds rich in ω-6 in livestock diets has altered the fatty acid composition of their products. On the other hand, there is increasing information about the nutritional and health benefits of long chain ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) for humans. Especially decosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6 n-3) and to a lesser extent eicosanoic acid (EPA, 20:5 n-3) reduces risk of cardiovascular disease. Marine oils derived from fish or algae are rich source of ω-3 PUFA. However, attempts to incorporate these fatty acids from fish oil into commonly consumed animal products have caused fishy flavor in milk and meat and oxidation problems in animal feed and in animal products. Research has therefore focused on ways of introducing fish oil without taste problem, some companies have developed method of masking the taste and odour of fish oil but the BSE crisis has changed attitudes and raised questions whether now it is desirable to feed herbivores marine fish. There is growing consumer awareness and concern about this issues and it would be necessary, in the light of this, to find alternatives to fish and fish oils. Algae are considered as a suitable nutrimental supplement because of their high protein content and their abundance of vitamin and minerals and also high long chain ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids content but they have not been evaluated widely in animals. This review has examined the information on algae species, their production, nutritional contents and their effects on animal performance

Ruminant rasyonlarında yağ kullanımı

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Rumende lipid metabolizması

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Occurrence and characteristics of extended spectrum beta-lactamases-producing Enterobacteriaceae from foods of animal origin

Abstract Presence of extended spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBL) in bacteria is a growing health concern of global significance. The local, regional, national, and international epidemiological studies for extended spectrum beta-lactamases-producing Enterobacteriaceae and their encoding genes in foods are still incomplete. The objective of this study was to determine the occurrence of extended spectrum beta-lactamases-producing Enterobacteriaceae and the characteristics of their encoding genes from a total of 250 samples of various foods of animal-origin (100 raw chicken meat, 100 raw cow milk, and 50 raw cow milk cheese) sold in Turkey. Overall, 55 isolates were positive as extended spectrum beta-lactamases-producing Enterobacteriaceae. The most prevalent extended spectrum beta-lactamases-producing strain were identified as Escherichia coli (80%), followed by Enterobacter cloacae (9.1%), Citrobacter braakii (5.5%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (3.6%), and Citrobacter werkmanii (1.8%) by Vitek® MS. The simultaneous production of extended spectrum beta-lactamases and AmpC was detected in five isolates (9.1%) in E. coli (80%) and E. cloacae (20%). The frequency rates of blaTEM, blaCTX-M, and blaSHV were 96.4%, 53.7%, and 34.5%, respectively. The co-existence of bla -genes was observed in 82% of extended spectrum beta-lactamases producers with a distribution of blaTEM & blaCTX-M (52.7%), blaTEM & blaSHV (20%), blaTEM & blaCTX-M & blaSHV (12.7%), and blaSHV & blaCTX-M (1.8%). The most prevalent variant of blaCTX-M clusters was defined as blaCTX-M-1 (97.2%), followed by blaCTX-M-8 (2.8%). In summary, the analysed foods were found to be posing a health risk for Turkish consumers due to contamination by Enterobacteriaceae with a diversity of extended spectrum beta-lactamases encoding genes