Re-discovered and new grave inscriptions from the necropoleis of Assos, Part I

This article presents 16 grave inscriptions from Assos in the Troad, dating between the fifth century BC and the end of the second century BC. Thirteen of these inscriptions were discovered between 1981 and 2005 and 3 were found in the third excavation term (2006-ongoing).Two of the inscriptions discovered between 1989 and 1994 are mentioned in R. Stupperich’s excavation reports and all but two are printed in majuscules in J.Freydank’s doctoral dissertation (published 2000). None, however, have been the subject of a comprehensive evaluation. From the dialectal point of view, these inscriptions greatly contribute to the epigraphic corpus of Assos. The composition of the inscriptions that display specific features of the Lesbian dialect is unremarkable in most cases; they usually consist only of the deceased’s name in the nominative case, while in five cases a patronymic follows in the genitive. Nevertheless, two inscriptions are remarkable since they document for the first time the use of an adjective of possession in the Lesbian dialect. In addition, these inscriptions add several new names to the onomastic repertoire of Assos and Asia Minor: Eratophanes, Simmeia, Aigidaia, Phaeia, Amphereidaia/Ampheridaia, Kleotthis, Oligidas, Agasikles, Nikasis, Sphodrias, Agias, Soter, Kydrantha, Isodikos, Euandros, Sosigenes, Phileia, Zoila, Sotadas, Peristera, [..]stratidas, Anaxagoras, and Mikkylos

Late Antique and Early Byzantine Era Inscriptions at Assos

In this paper, eleven new inscriptions are presented, which were found between 1981 and 2017 at Assos in the southern Troad, Asia Minor. Funerary inscriptions that can be dated to the Late Antique and Byzantine periods constitute the majority of the inscriptions found during the period defined above. The first inscription, carved on a lintel, is an acclamation of the Lord/ Emmanouel. The personal name Chrysogonos in the second inscription may have been the name of a stonecutter who worked in the quarry. The third inscription is the epitaph of the gravediggers of the Orthodox “Great Church”. By the phrase “Great Church” (μεγάλη ἐκκλησία), a cathedral must have been intended, located inside the city or its immediate surroundings. The fourth inscription presented here is the sarcophagus inscription of the heirs of an individual called Daniel. The fifthis the sarcophagus inscription of Theoktistos. The inscriptions nos. 6-10 from the oor of Ayazma Church include several sarcophagus inscriptions: No. 6 is of Bas(s)os, no. 7 is of Eutychianos, and no. 8 is of Onesimos, whose father’s name is uncertain due to a crack and damage on the surface of the stone. No. 9 is the sarcophagus of presbyter Anastasios, and no. 10 is the sarcophagus of Eugenios. The eleventh inscription is a fragmentary sarcophagus inscription

Gift to the Archive Veterans, ed.: by Nizamettin Oğuz, İshak Keskin = Arşiv Emektarlarına Armağan, ed.: Nizamettin Oğuz, İshak Keskin. (Kitap Tanıtımı = Book Review)

The archivists in Turkey served in record keeping field for many years without any protective law and personnel regimes. Their effort should be bequeathed for future archivists and the field of record keeping. The same conditions still apply. This book is published in order to give voice to the discomfort felt by authors in some issues

Maintenance of Microbial Cooperation Mediated by Public Goods in Single- and Multiple-Trait Scenarios

Microbes often form densely populated communities, which favor competitive and cooperative interactions. Cooperation among bacteria often occurs through the production of metabolically costly molecules produced by certain individuals that become available to other neighboring individuals; such molecules are called public goods. This type of cooperation is susceptible to exploitation, since nonproducers of a public good can benefit from it while saving the cost of its production (cheating), gaining a fitness advantage over producers (cooperators). Thus, in mixed cultures, cheaters can increase in frequency in the population, relative to cooperators. Sometimes, and as predicted by simple game-theoretic arguments, such increases in the frequency of cheaters cause loss of the cooperative traits by exhaustion of the public goods, eventually leading to a collapse of the entire population. In other cases, however, both cooperators and cheaters remain in coexistence. This raises the question of how cooperation is maintained in microbial populations. Several strategies to prevent cheating have been studied in the context of a single trait and a unique environmental constraint. In this review, we describe current knowledge on the evolutionary stability of microbial cooperation and discuss recent discoveries describing the mechanisms operating in multiple-trait and multiple-constraint settings. We conclude with a consideration of the consequences of these complex interactions, and we briefly discuss the potential role of social interactions involving multiple traits and multiple environmental constraints in the evolution of specialization and division of labor in microbes.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Dynamics of Interbacterial Cooperation and Cheating

"Bacterial communities face multiple environmental constraints in their environments. One of the most prevalent ways that bacteria overcome these constraints is the production of public goods. By definition, public goods are compounds that generate benefit for the entire population, producer and other individuals alike. Non-producers of public goods can avoid the cost of production of the public goods but can still benefit from them. When mixed with producers, the energy that non-producers save from not producing the public goods allows them to grow at higher rates than the producers. This can cause the non-producer of the public goods to behave as cheaters, increase in frequency in the overall population and eventually diminish the cooperation and thus the production of the public goods. The lack of public goods production can lead to the drastic reduction of the carrying capacity of the overall population. This phenomenon is defined as the tragedy of the commons in evolutionary biology.(...)"FCG: 1/BD/1

Investigation into the Effects of Eight Weeks of Step Aerobic Dance Practice on Static Balance, Flexibility and Selected Basketball Skills in Young Basketball Players

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of eight weeks of step aerobic exercises on static balance, flexibility and selected basketball skills in young basketball players. A total of 20 basketball players (average age 16.1±0.7 years and average sporting age 4.1±0.7 years) voluntarily joined the study. Participants were randomly divided into two groups (experiment n:10 and control n:10). All participants attended basketball training 3 days per week but the experiment group also had step aerobic dance practice 2 days per week. Before and after the study static balance, flexibility and selected basketball techniques were evaluated. SPSS statistical program used for analysis. Repeated measures Anova was used to compare the pre-test and post-test measurements of the groups. The differences between pre-test and post-test measurements in the two groups were examined with the independent t-test. P< 0.05 is considered statistically significant in the interpretation of our results. After eight weeks of training, both two groups’ static balance and flexibility performances were significantly changed. But only the experiment group had significant improvement in the basketball skill test. The experiment group was also statistically changed in terms of all parameters compared to the control group. According to the results of this study it is possible to say that to improve basketball skills by improving balance and flexibility performance, eight weeks of step aerobic exercise is a useful training model for young basketball players

Attitudes of ELT Teachers Working in Turkey towards the Role and Use of Authentic Materials

Sanderson (as cited in Tamo, 2009) defines authentic materials as “materials that we can use in the classroom and that have not been changed in any way for ESL students” (p. 74). This definition makes it clear that authentic materials bring learners into direct contact with real English usage. McGarry indicates that activities based on authentic texts play a key role in enhancing positive attitudes towards learning, in promoting the development of a wide range of skills, and in enabling students to work independently of the teacher. Since authentic materials are considered effective in language teaching by many scholars, this paper aims to reveal the general ideas of English language educators (teachers, instructors, tutors), working in different schools in Turkey regarding the notion of “authenticity” and “authentic material”. It further intends to find out their attitudes towards the authentic texts. The data was collected by a questionnaire adapted from the study of Yeung T. (2011). In addition to the questionnaire, semi-structured interviews were held with the participants which constitute the qualitative stage of the study. The results indicated that participants give importance to the role of authentic materials in language teaching. Besides, they have positive attitudes towards the use of authentic materials in their classrooms. Keywords: authentic materials, authenticity, authentic texts, learner, teaching vocabular