Determination of Weed Species, Distribution and Density in Potato Fields (Solanum tuberosum L.) in Niğde Province

Bu çalışma, Niğde ili ve İlçeleri patates ekim alanlarında sorun olan yabancı ot türlerinin yoğunluklarını ve rastlanma sıklıklarını belirlemek amacıyla 2016 yılında yürütülmüştür. Sürvey çalışmaları Niğde Merkez ve İlçelerinde (Altunhisar, Bor, Çamardı, Çiftlik, Ulukışla) 180 tarlada Mayıs-Temmuz aylarında gerçekleştirilmiştir. Yapılan sürvey çalışması sonucunda, 21 farklı familyaya ait 60 farklı yabancı ot türü tespit edilmiştir. Survey yapılan tarlalardaki m2'deki yoğunluklara göre en fazla sorun olan tür 4,24 bitki/m2 yoğunluk ile Kırmızı köklü tilki kuyruğu (Amaranthus retroflexus L.) olmuştur. Bu türü 2,81 bitki/m2 ile Sirken (Chenopodium album L.), 2,67 bitki/m2 ile Melez horozibiği (A. hybridus L.), 1,46 bitki/m2 ile Siyah it üzümü (Solanum nigrum L.), 1,45 bitki/m2 ile Yabani hardal (Sinapis arvensis L.), 1,45 bitki/m2 ile Tarla sarmaşığı (Convolvulus arvensis L.) ve 1,32 bitki/m2 ile Darıcan [Echinochloa crus-galli (L.)] izlemiştir. Rastlanma sıklığına göre ise %68 Sirken (C. album), %65 Kırmızı köklü tilki kuyruğu (A. retroflexus), %42 Tarla sarmaşığı (C. arvensis), %25 Melez horozibiği (A. hybridus L.), %24 Yabani hardal (S. arvensis), %19 Yatık horoz ibiği (A. blitoides L.), %15 Siyah it üzümü (S. nigrum ), %13 Kekre (Acroptilon repens L.), %12 Domuz pıtrağı (Xanthium strumarium L.) olarak belirlenmiştir.This study was carried out to determine the distribution and density of weed species which are problem on potato fields at around Niğde Province in 2016 year. Survey studies were made in potato cultivation field in Niğde center and its district (Altunhisar, Bor, Çamardı, Çiftlik, Ulukışla) between May and July on 180 potato fields. As a result of survey, 60 different weed species from 21 families were identified. The weed species with higher infestation rate and density according to average number of weeds m were found in this study as follows: Red pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus L.,) with the density of 4.24 plants/m2. Followed by 2.81 plants/m2 with white goosefoot (Chenopodium album L), 2.67 plants/m2 with lying amaranth (Amaranthus hybridus L.), 1.46 plants/m2 with black nightshade (Solanum nigrum L.), 1.45 plants/m2 with white mustard (Sinapis arvensis L.), with field bindweed 1.45 plants/m2 with field bindweed (Convolvulus arvensis L.), 1.32 plants/m2 of barnyard grass (Echinochloa crus-galli). Weeds which are important in terms of frequency of occurrence is white goosefoot by 68%, red pigweed by 65%, field bindweed by 42%, lying amaranth by 25%, field mustard by 24%, mat amaranth by 19%, black nightshade by 15%, Russian knapweed by 13%, rough cocklebur by 12% were determined

Characteristics of pediatric multiple sclerosis: The Turkish pediatric multiple sclerosis database

Objective To document the clinical and paraclinical features of pediatric multiple sclerosis (MS) in Turkey. Methods Data of MS patients with onset before age 18 years (n = 193) were collected from 27 pediatric neurology centers throughout Turkey. Earlier-onset (<12 years) and later-onset (?12 years) groups were compared. Results There were 123 (63.7%) girls and 70 (36.3%) boys aged 4–17 years, median 14 years at disease onset. Family history of MS was 6.5%. The first presentation was polysymptomatic in 55.4% of patients, with brainstem syndromes (50.3%), sensory disturbances (44%), motor symptoms (33.2%), and optic neuritis (26.4%) as common initial manifestations. Nineteen children had facial paralysis and 10 had epileptic seizures at first attack; 21 (11%) were initially diagnosed with acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM). Oligoclonal bands were identified in 68% of patients. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed periventricular (96%), cortical/juxtacortical (64.2%), brainstem (63%), cerebellum (51.4%), and spinal cord (67%) involvement. Visual evoked potentials (VEP) were abnormal in 52%; serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels were low in 68.5% of patients. The earlier-onset group had a higher rate of infection/vaccination preceding initial attack, initial diagnosis of ADEM, longer interval between first 2 attacks, and more disability accumulating in the first 3 years of the disease. Conclusion Brainstem and cerebellum are common sites of clinical and radiological involvement in pediatric-onset MS. VEP abnormalities are frequent even in patients without history of optic neuropathy. Vitamin D status does not appear to affect the course in early disease. MS beginning before 12 years of age has certain characteristics in history and course