Soil respiration in apple orchards, poplar plantations and adjacent grasslands in Artvin, Turkey

In this study, influence of land-use type on soil respiration was investigated in poplar plantation, apple orchard (apple trees with understory grasses) and adjacent grassland sites in SeyitlerArea,Artvin, Turkey. Soil respiration was measured approximately monthly in three sampling plots in each land use type from January 2005 to November 2005 using the soda-lime technique. Mean daily soil respiration ranged from 0.63-3.59 g C m-2 d-1. Mean soil respiration in apple orchard, poplar plantation and grassland sites were 1.98, 1.45 and 1.12 g C m-2 d-1, respectively. Mean soil respiration wassignificantly greater in apple orchard than in poplar plantations and grasslands. Seasonal changes in soil respiration were related to soil moisture and temperature changes. Mean soil respiration rate correlated strongly with subsurface soil (15-35cm) pH (R = -0,73; p<0.05), sand content (R= 0.96, p<0.001), soil silt content (R= -0.75; p<0.05), soil clay content (R= -0,83; p<0.001) and organic matter content (R= 0,88; p<0.001). No significant correlations were observed between soil respiration and surface (0-15 cm) soil properties and root biomass. Overall, our results indicate that apple orchards with understory grasses have higher soil biological activity compared to poplar and grassland sites

Effects of some boron compounds on the leachabılıty of eucalyptus (eucalyptus camaldulensis dehn.) wood

Bu çalışma, odun koruma amaçlı birçok emprenye maddesinin bileşiminde yer alan borik asit, boraks ve sodyum perborat’ın preparatlar halinde emprenyeler sonrasında odundan yıkanma özelliklerinin tesbiti ; bor’un odundan yıkanarak kısa sürede etkinliğini kaybetmesi gibi dış mekanda kullanımını sınırlayıcı sakıncaların giderilmesinde fiziksel bir engel oluşturmak için (SİM)in kullanılma imkanları araştırılmıştır. Araştırma sonuçları, PEG-400’de çözündürülen bor tuzlarının sulu çözeltilerle yapılan emprenyelere oranla daha fazla yıkandığını ve SİM’in PEG’li tuzların yıkanmasını engelleyemezken, sulu çözeltiler halinde yapılan borlu tuz emprenyesi sonrasında ikinci bir işlem olarak uygulanması halinde yıkanmayı önemli ölçüde engellediğini göstermiştir. Ancak yıkanma süresi arttıkça, SİM’in yıkanmayı engelleme etkisinin azaldığı tespit edilmiştir (P?0.05)Wood preservation effectiveness of boron compounds against biological damagers and fire is well known. But these compounds are not widely used in preservation of wood because of their leachability from wood by rain water and making wood more hyroscopic than untreated wood in damp environments. Main aim of this study is; therefore, to improve the undesired leachability properties of some boron compounds by various water repellents (WRs). Aqueous solutions with polyethyleneglycole (PEG)-400 of boric acid and sodium perborate were chosen as boron compounds. WRs were used as secondary treatment chemicals which were considered as dimensional stabilizer of wood and phsical bariers of boron retained at innerparts of treated wood. Results indicated that WRs were reduced leachability of boron from wood significantly (P<0.05). Boron salts applied with. PEG were more leachable than were of equeous solutions. WRs were not found effective on reducing the leachability of boron solved in PEG. Longer leaching time caused more leachant and reduction the phsical alleviation of WRs on boron leachin

Artvin-Hatilla Milli Parkı, doğu ladini meşçerelerinde görülen kurumaların ekolojik açıdan irdelenmesi

Bu çalışmada Artvin-Hatilla Milli parkında görülen böcek kaynaklı kurumaların ekolojik nedenlerinin ortaya konması amaçlanmıştır. Bu amaçla alandaki sağlıklı ve kurumuş büklerden toprak ve artım örnekleri alınarak incelenmiştir. İnceleme sonucu, kuruyan ağaçların son 20 yılda artımları azalan ağaçlar olduğu belirlenmiştirIn this study, the ecelogical reasons behind the spruce-dying in Hatilla National Park were evaluated in Artvin, Turkey. Soil and ingrowth samples were taken from both healty and damaged stands. Our results showed that trees damaged by the spruce bark beetle were those having decreasing growth ring widths in last 20 years

EFFECTS OF SOME BORON COMPOUNDS ON THE LEACHABILITY OF EUCALYPTUS (Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehn.) WOOD

Wood preservation effectiveness of boron compounds against biological damagers and fire is well known. But these compounds are not widely used in preservation of wood because of their leachability from wood by rain water and making wood more hyroscopic than untreated wood in damp environments. Main aim of this study is; therefore, to improve the undesired leachability properties of some boron compounds by various water repellents (WRs). Aqueous solutions with polyethyleneglycole (PEG)-400 of boric acid and sodium perborate were chosen as boron compounds. WRs were used as secondary treatment chemicals which were considered as dimensional stabilizer of wood and phsical bariers of boron retained at innerparts of treated wood. Results indicated that WRs were reduced leachability of boron from wood significantly (P<0.05). Boron salts applied with. PEG were more leachable than were of equeous solutions. WRs were not found effective on reducing the leachability of boron solved in PEG. Longer leaching time caused more leachant and reduction the phsical alleviation of WRs on boron leaching

Effects of thinning intensity on the growth of narrow-leaved ash ( Fraxinus angustifolia subsp. oxycarpa ) plantations

Narrow-leaved ash (Fraxinus angustifolia) is one of the important broadleaved tree species, and it is becoming more important in European forestry because of its valuable wood and fast growing ability. Despite its wide natural range and high economic value, there is little or very limited information about the effects of thinning on the growth and development of ash stands, especially in plantations. In this study, 2 thinning experiments were carried out to determine the effects of thinning intensity on the growth of diameter, height, basal area, and volume in narrow-leaved ash plantations over a 6-year period in Adapazarı, Turkey. In the stands prior to thinning, mean diameter and stem number were about 31 cm and 416 trees ha 1 in the first experiment (at 36 years with 3 x 2 m initial spacing), respectively. The values were 24 cm and 544 trees ha 1 in the second experiment (at 22 years with 3.7 x 3.7 m initial spacing), respectively. Randomized block design with 3 replications was used in both experiments. The thinning treatments were as follows: removal of the basal area at 0% (control), 22% (moderate), and 39% (heavy) in the first experiment, and 0% (control), 19% (moderate), and 28% (heavy) in the second experiment. The 6-year results showed that thinning increased the diameter increment significantly, and the increase in diameter increment was positively correlated with the thinning intensity in both experiments. However, thinning intensity did not significantly affect increments of height, basal area, and volume. Moreover, increments of diameter, height, basal area, and volume were higher in the second experiment than in the first experiment