Cambios en la composición química y microbiológica de dos variedades de aceituna durante la fermentación

In this study, the changes in chemical and microbiological composition of two olive varieties, Edincik and Gemlik, have been examined during fermentation at industrial scale. Prior to processing, the olives have been thoroughly characterized chemically and microbiologically. Then, the nature of the fermentation process has been investigated during the 9 months of fermentation period by taking samples at certain intervals. The most important characteristics of the two varieties before processing were determined as follows: Edincik variety was found to have relatively higher reducing sugar (5.94%) and moisture (59.53%) contents than that of Gemlik variety (4.45% reducing sugar and 43.18% moisture). Polyphenol concentrations of two varieties were 2.50% and 2.40%, respectively. During fermentation, reducing sugar and polyphenols contents were decreased gradually in the fruit, while other constituents were slightly changed or remained almost unchanged. While reducing sugar decreased to the values of 0.98% and 0.65%, free acidity in brine increased to 0.41% and 0.35%, pH value of brine were 4.4 and 4.9 and salt content in fruit were reached to the final values of 7.4% and 6.9% for Edincik and Gemlik varieties, respectively. Microflora of the raw samples was consisted of various bacteria mainly, lactobacilli, Gram-negative, anaerobic sulfide producing, coliform bacteria and yeasts. During the fermentation of both varieties, yeasts were dominated starting from the 40th days of fermentation.En este estudio, se han examinado los cambios en la composición química y microbiológica de dos variedades de aceituna, Edincik y Gemlik, durante la fermentación a escala industrial. Las aceitunas se caracterizaron química y microbiológicamente antes del tratamiento. Posteriormente, la naturaleza del proceso se investigó durante ios nueve meses del periodo de fermentación tomando muestras cada ciertos intervalos. Se determinaron las características más importantes de las dos variedades antes del tratamiento: la variedad Edincik tuvo un mayor contenido relativo en azúcares reductores (5.94%) y humedad (59.53%) que la variedad Gemlik (4.45% azúcares reductores y 43,18% humedad). Las concentraciones de polifenoles de las dos variedades fueron 2.50% y 2.40% respectivamente. Durante la fermentación, los contenidos en azúcares reductores y polifenoles disminuyeron gradualmente en el fruto, mientras que otros constituyentes cambiaron ligeramente o permanecieron casi inalterados. En la salmuera los azúcares reductores disminuyeron hasta valores de 0.98% y 0.65%, aumentando la acidez libre hasta 0.41 % y 0.35%, con unos valores de pH de 4.4 y 4.9, alcanzando el contenido en sal en el fruto valores finales de 7.4% y 6.9% para las variedades Edincik y Gemlik respectivamente. La microflora de las muestras originales estuvo constituida por bacterias, principalmente del tipo: lactobacitos, Gram-negativo, anaerobios productores de sulfuro, bacterias coliformes y hongos. Durante la fermentación de ambas variedades, los hongos fueron controlados a los 40 días de fermentación

Enhancing treatability of tannery wastewater by integrated process of electrocoagulation and fungal via using RSM in an economic perspective

The wastewater from tannery industry, using single treatment technology has not been enough to remove the chromium (Cr6+) or high organic content (COD). Electrocoagulation (EC) and Biological Fungal Treatment (BFT) which endure against toxic and/or highly organic content, are promising technologies to eliminate impurities of tannery wastewaters. In this study, the treatment performance of integrated EC and BFT processes via response surface methodology (RSM) was investigated for the tannery wastewater to determine the effects of operating variables. The factors of electrode combination (Al–Fe), pH (4–8), current density (0.54–0.81 A), and electrolysis time (15–60 min) are investigated for EC and inoculum rate (0.5–2%) reaction time (6–36 h) and pH (4–6) are also investigated for BFT. The operating cost of the combined process was calculated as 1.73 $.m-3. It was determined that efficient COD (63.8%) and Cr6+ (90%) removal were achieved via EC (pH 8.0, 60 min reaction time and 0.81 A current). The optimum condition of BFT for COD and Cr6+ removal are at pH 5.0, 36 h reaction time and 2% inoculum rate. Total efficient COD (96%) and Cr6+ (97%) removal were achieved at EC and BFT with the combined system. © 2019 Elsevier LtdÖmer Halisdemir Üniversitesi British Association for PsychopharmacologyThis work was supported by the Nigde Ömer Halisdemir University , Department of Scientific Research Project (BAP) [grant number FEB2018/04-BAGEP]

Topical atorvastatin in the treatment of diabetic wounds

PubMed ID: 19667969BACKGROUND: Currently, it is reported that statins may be useful in the treatment of diabetes mellitus foot ulceration. The aim of this study was to evaluate treatment of the wounds in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats with local atorvastatin. METHODS: Two 15 × 15 mm-sized wounds were created in 28 streptozotocin-induced rats. A total of 56 diabetic wounds were studied in 8 groups (n = 7). No treatment was administered in the first and second groups, which lasted for 7 and 14 days, respectively. Third and fourth groups consisted of diabetic rats that were administered 1:1 mixture of lanolin and vaseline therapy for 7 and 14 days, respectively. One percent statin plus 1:1 mixture of lanolin and vaseline was used in the fifth and sixth groups for 7 and 14 days, respectively; and in seventh and eighth groups, 5% statin plus 1:1 mixture of lanolin and vaseline therapy was used for 7 and 14 days, respectively. On the 7th and 14th days, state of the wound healing was observed, and the percent of wound healing was determined by measuring its size and by performing a histopathologic study. The statistical analyses were performed by Mann-Whitney U test, using SPSS 14.0 software. RESULTS: On the 14th day, the rates of wound healing in the first, second, third, and fourth groups were 14%, 40%, 96.59%, and 96.51%, respectively. This ratio was calculated by the formula healing ratio (%) = 100 × (1-wound area/initial wound area). Accordingly, in the multiple comparisons, the rates of wound healing were found to be significantly higher in the diabetic rat groups administered 1% and 5% atorvastatin compared with those administered a mixture of lanolin-vaseline and the untreated group (for comparison each one P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Local atorvastatin therapy may be useful for healing the wounds in diabetic rats. Further clinical and experimental studies are needed to confirm these results. © Copyright 2009 Southern Society for Clinical Investigation