Keçi sütünde bazı kalite parametreleri i̇çin metot validasyonu

Goat milk has great importance in human health and nutrition. It may be used to manufacture wide variety of products due to its chemical characteristics. In this study, an easy and quick method for the analysis of fat, fat-free dry matter (FFDM), lactose, protein percentage, electrical conductivity, freezing point and density in milk was validated. The repeatability values determined by the operators were 4.65 and 4.68 for lactose; 3.10 for protein, 4.38 and 4.33 for fat; 8.52 and 8.55 for FFDM. The same values for reproducibility were 4.78; 3.17 and 3.18; 4.38 and 4.39; 8.73 and 8.75, respectively. There was no significant difference between the data obtained by the operators in all parameters subject to the study (P>0.05). Horwitz ratio (HorRat) was used as comparison for reproducibility. HorRat values are required to be less than 2. HorRat values determined in all parameters measured in this study were between 0.25 and 0.94. Finally, the expanded uncertainty and the combined standard uncertainty were calculated. By the way, the present study provided a fast, and reliable protocol for these analysis. Further research is needed to gain knowledge on the suitability and advantages of the usage of validated method approach for different goat milk components.Keçi sütü insan sağlığı ve beslenmesinde büyük öneme sahiptir. Kimyasal özelliklerinden dolayı, keçi sütü, çok çeşitli ürünlerin üretiminde kullanılabilir. Bu çalışmada, Şam keçisinin sütündeki yağ, yağsız kuru madde (YKM), laktoz, protein oranı, elektriksel iletkenlik, donma noktası ve yoğunluk analizi için kolay ve hızlı bir yöntem geçerli kılınmıştır. Operatörler tarafından tespit edilen tekrarlanabilirlik değerleri, laktoz için 4.65 ve 4.68; protein için 3.10; yağ için 4.38 ve 4.33; YKM için 8.52 ve 8.55 olmuştur. Aynı değerler tekrarüretilebilirlik için sırasıyla, 4.78; 3.17 ve 3.18; 4.38 ve 4.39; 8.73 ve 8.75 olarak tespit edilmiştir. Çalışmaya konu olan tüm parametrelerde, operatörler tarafından elde edilen veriler arasındaki farklılık önemli olmamıştır (P>0.05). Horwitz oranı (HorRat) tekrar üretilebilirlik için karşılaştırma yapılmasında kullanılmıştır. HorRat değerlerinin 2'den küçük olması istenir. Bu çalışmada ölçülen tüm parametrelerde belirlenen HorRat değerleri 0.25 ile 0.94 arasında olmuştur. Son olarak, her bir parametre için birleşik belirsizlik ve genişletilmiş belirsizlik hesaplanmıştır. Böylelikle, bu çalışma, bazı süt kalite parametrelerinin analizleri için hızlı ve güvenilir bir protokol sağlamıştır. Geçerli kılınmış yöntem yaklaşımının kullanımının uygunluğu ve avantajları hakkında bilgi edinmek amacıyla, farklı keçi sütü bileşenleri için daha fazla araştırmaya ihtiyaç vardır

Dijagnostička točnost sastojaka mlijeka kod dijagnostike gravidnosti u krava srednje i kasne laktacije

The aims of this study were to establish a cut-off point by evaluating the usability of the somatic cell count (SCC) and milk components (fat, fat-free dry matter (FFDM), protein, lactose, freezing point, electrical conductivity and pH) to observe the pregnancy status, and to determine the practical usage of these parameters as diagnostic biomarker of pregnancy status. In the present study, primiparous Holstein cows (n=133) were included in the mid and late lactation. Milk samples were collected in sterile tubes for SCC and milk components analysis. In each lactation period, SCC, milk yield and milk component parameters were analysed by Student\u27s t test according to pregnancy status. Receiver operating characteristic curves were used to determine the predictive threshold using SCC and milk component parameters to discriminate between pregnant and non-pregnant cows. SCC levels were similar for all cows in the mid and late-lactation. In the mid lactation, FFDM, protein, lactose and electrical conductivity were higher and milk yield, fat, freezing point and pH were lower in pregnant cows (p<0.05). In the late lactation, FFDM, protein, lactose and electrical conductivity were significantly higher and milk yield, fat and pH were significantly lower in pregnant cows (p<0.05). Furthermore, fat, FFDM, protein, lactose, freezing point, electrical conductivity, and pH were the best predictors for pregnancy diagnosis in mid-lactating cows with the AUC values of 0.840, 0.768, 0.780, 0.772, 0.693, 0.792, and 0.901 respectively. Furthermore, fat, FFDM, protein, lactose, electrical conductivity, and pH could be useful diagnostic tools for pregnancy determination in late lactating cows with the AUC values of 0.869, 0.684, 0.661, 0.689, 0.756, and 0.841 respectively. In conclusion, the milk components could be used as rapid, easily accessible, and inexpensive markers for the evaluation of the diagnosis of pregnancy status in primiparous Holstein cows.Ciljevi ove studije bili su utvrditi granične vrijednosti procjenom mogućnosti upotrebe broja somatskih stanica (SCC) i pojedinih fizikalno-kemijskih parametara mlijeka (udio masti, bezmasne suhe tvari (FFDM), proteina, laktoze, točke zamrzavanja, električne vodljivosti i pH) za promatranje statusa gravidnosti kao i u svrhu korištenja navedenih parametara kao bioloških markera u dijagnozi statusa gravidnosti. U ovu su studiju bile uključene prvotelke holstein pasmine (n=133) u srednjoj i kasnoj laktaciji. Uzorci mlijeka sakupljani su u sterilne epruvete za analizu SCC i fizikalno-kemijskih parametara. U svakom razdoblju laktacije, SCC, prinos mlijeka i fizikalno-kemijski parametri analizirani su Student t-testom u odnosu na status gravidnosti. Za određivanje prediktivnog praga korištene su krivulje odnosa specifičnosti i osjetljivosti klasifikatora (ROC), korištenjem SCC i fizikalno-kemijskih parametara mlijeka za razlikovanje gravidnih i negravidnih krava. Za sve krave u srednjoj i kasnoj laktaciji razine SCC bile su slične. Sredinom laktacije, FFDM, udjeli proteina i laktoze te električna vodljivost bili su viši, a prinos mlijeka, udio masti, točka ledišta i pH bili su niži u gravidnih krava (p<0,05). U kasnoj laktaciji, FFDM, udjeli proteina i laktoze te električna vodljivost bili su značajno viši, a prinos mlijeka, udio masti i pH bili su značajno niži u gravidnih krava (p<0,05). Udjeli masti, proteina i laktoze, FFDM, točka ledišta, električna vodljivost i pH bili su najbolji prediktori za dijagnozu gravidnosti kod krava u srednjoj laktaciji s vrijednostima površina ispod ROC krivulje (AUC) 0,840, 0,768, 0,780, 0,772, 0,693, 0,792 i 0,901. Udjeli masti, proteina i laktoze, FFDM, električna vodljivost i pH mogu biti korisni dijagnostički alati za određivanje gravidnosti kod krava u kasnoj laktaciji s AUC vrijednostima 0,869, 0,684, 0,661, 0,689, 0,756 i 0,841. Zaključno, komponente mlijeka mogu se koristiti kao brzi, lako dostupni i jeftini markeri za procjenu dijagnoze statusa gravidnosti kod prvotelki holstein krava

Anadolu Mandalarında Subklinik Mastitis Prevalansı ve Hastalığın Etkileri

&nbsp;The aim of this study was to calculate the prevalence and changes in milk due to subclinical mastitis in Anatolian buffaloes, and the financial losses caused by the disease. The material of the study consisted of milk samplesobtained from 96 udder lobes belonging to a total of 24 female Anatolian buffaloes raised in Kayseri. Milk sampleswere collected from four farms in March 2021 and the infection status of the milk was evaluated by examining the California Mastitis Test (CMT) and somatic cell count (SHS). According to the results, 5 buffalo (20.8%) and 8 lobes (8.3%)were found to be infected and mean SHS value was found as 182500 cell/ml. The fat of infected animals milk decreased by 27.4% (P&lt;0.05) and the milk yield decreased by 12.6%, if the disease was not treated, it was calculatedthat a loss of 1140 TL (138 $) will occur in a lactation, and if treated, this loss can be reduced by 951.5 TL (115$). Inconclusion, it was revealed that the prevalence of subclinical mastitis in Anatolian buffaloes raised in Kayseri is high(20.08%), infection significantly reduces milk fat, especially in terms of quality, producers should educate in terms ofdiseases and pay more attention to hygiene, otherwise subclinical mastitis will cause significant losses and reduce theirprofitability</p

Effects of propylene glycol used at different doses in Akkaraman lambs rations on metabolism-related parameters and liver gene and protein expression during different feeding periods

This study aimed to investigate the metabolic effects of propylene glycol (PG) over 60, 90, and 120 days in lambs. Seventy-two weaned male lambs were allocated into three groups: control (Con), PG1.5 (1.5 mL/kg live weight0.75), and PG3 (3 mL/kg live weight0.75). Blood samples were collected at the beginning and slaughter days. Biochemical parameters (glucose, triglycerides, ALT, AST, LDH, BUN, and insulin) and gene and protein levels of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma (PPARγ), diacylglycerol o-acyltransferase 1 (DGAT1), carbohydrate responsive element binding protein (ChREBP), and sterol regulatory element binding transcription factor 1c (SREBP-1c) in the liver were determined. Glucose in PG1.5 was increased on Day 60, while significant differences were observed in biochemical parameters except for insulin on the 60, 90, and 120 days. Biochemical parameters such as ALT, AST, LDH, and BUN increased over time, while triglycerides decreased. DGAT1 gene and protein levels were lower, while SREBP-1c and PPARγ were higher in PG groups on Day 60. While SREBP-1c was lower in PG1.5, ChREBP was higher in PG3 on Day 90. PPARγ, DGAT1, and ChREBP were upregulated in PG3 on Day 120. Positive correlations were found between proteins. The long-term use of PG in lambs did not have detrimental effects on metabolism. The study provides valuable insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying the metabolic effects of PG in lambs, shedding light on its potential applications in lamb production