Şehirler diplomasisi ve İstanbul Büyükşehir Belediyesi örneği

Küreselleşme sürecinde ulus-devletin sorgulanır hale gelmesi ve zayıflaması, bilgi teknolojileri ve iletişim ağlarının gelişimi ile birlikte şehirlerin ve yerel yönetimlerinin uluslararasılaşmasını doğurmuştur. Yerel yönetimler, yerel dış politikaları doğrultusunda şehir diplomasisi yürütmekte ve şehirlerinin çıkarlarını uluslararası alanda savundukları gibi şehirlerarası dayanışma sağlayarak küresel barışa ve sorunların çözümüne katkı sağlamaktadırlar. Şehir diplomasisi alanında Türkçe kaynak yetersizliği tez çalışmasının motivasyonel zeminini oluşturmaktadır ve tez çalışması şehir diplomasisi kavramı üzerinden kurgulanmıştır. Bu bağlamda tez çalışmasının amacı, şehir diplomasisinin kavramsal çerçevesini oluştururken şehirlerin diplomasi alanındaki potansiyel rollerini ortaya koymak ve İstanbul Büyükşehir Belediyesinin şehir diplomasisi alanındaki durumunu analiz etmektedir. Çalışmanın oluşturulmasında nitel araştırma yöntemi kullanılmış ve durum çalışması gerçekleştirilmiştir. Çalışma sırasında kavramsal çerçeve için yerli ve yabancı birincil ve ikincil yazılı kaynaklardan, İBB örneği için ise İBB meclis kararlarından ve arşiv verilerinden yararlanılmıştır. Bu tez çalışması sonunda, şehir diplomasisine kavramsal bir bakış sağlanmış; şehir diplomasisinin gelişimi, uygulama araçları ve boyutlarının neler olduğu ve Türkiye’nin en köklü ve büyük yerel yönetimi olan İstanbul Büyükşehir Belediyesinin şehir diplomasisi alanındaki faaliyetleri örnekleriyle incelenmiştir. İleriki çalışmalar ve geliştirmeler için öneriler sunulmuştur. -------------------- In the process of globalization, the nation-state has begun to be questioned and weakened. That’s led to the internationalization of cities and local governments along with the development of information technologies and communication networks. Local governments carry out diplomacy in accordance with their local foreign policies and contribute to the solution of global problems and peace-building by providing inter-city solidarity, as well as defending the interests of their cities internationally by a joint of city diplomacy. The lack of academic Turkish resources in the field of city diplomacy constitutes the motivational basis of the thesis study which is built on the concept of city diplomacy. In this context, the aim of the thesis study is to create the conceptual framework of city diplomacy, to reveal the potential roles of cities in the field of city diplomacy and to analyze the status of Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality in the field. The qualitative research method was used and the case study model was carried out in the thesis study. During the study, primary and secondary written sources were examined for the conceptual framework. IMM council decisions and archive data were utilized for the case study. In the conclusion, a conceptual overview of city diplomacy was provided; the development of city diplomacy, the tools, and dimensions of the application and the city diplomacy activities of Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality which is Turkey’s oldest and largest local government, were scrutinized. Suggestions for future studies and potential improvements were offered

Evaluation of hepatitis serology and frequency of viral reactivation in patients with inflammatory arthritis receiving biologic agents: a multicenter observational study

To evaluate of hepatitis serology and reactivation frequency in patients with rheumatic disease receiving biologic agents. Our study included patients with inflammatory rheumatic diseases from 23 centers, who were followed up with biological therapy. Demographic and clinical characteristics of the patients, duration of drug use and hepatitis serology and the state of viral reactivation were analyzed. A total of 4060 patients, 2095 being males, were included in our study. Of the patients, 2463 had Ankylosing Spondylitis (AS), 1154 had Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA), 325 had Psoriatic Arthritis (PsA), and 118 had other inflammatory rheumatic diseases. When the viral serology of the patients was evaluated, 79 patients (2%) who were identified as HBs Ag positive, 486 (12%) patients who were HBs Ag negative and anti-HBc IgG positive and 20 patients (0.5%) who were anti-HCV positive. When evaluated on a disease-by-disease basis, the rate of HBsAg was found to be 2.5% in RA, 2% in AS and 0.9% in PsA. Viral reactivation was detected in 13 patients while receiving biologic agents. HBs Ag was positive in nine patients with reactivation and negative in four patients. Anti-HBc IgG, however, was positive. Six of these patients had AS, four had RA, and three had PsA. The development of hepatitis reactivation in 11.4% of HBs Ag positive patients and 0.82% of anti-HBc IgG positive patients due to the use of biologic agents is an important problem for this group of patients. Antiviral prophylaxis is recommended to be started especially in patients who are HBs Ag positive and who are using biologic agents due to viral reactivation. Therefore, it is important to carry out hepatitis screenings before biologic agent treatment and to carefully evaluate the vaccination and prophylaxis requirements