Andra vinklar på vinklade bänkar – Om inkludering och exkludering av hemlösa personer i Malmös offentliga, fysiska, rum

The purpose of this study was to seek a deeper understanding of processes that leads to inclusion and exclusion of homeless people in the physical public space of Malmö. There has been a lot of research and current news articles about homelessness and exclusion from the public space in different parts of the world. Based on what has been written, security guards and constructions or design that excludes homeless people are two common mechanisms that limits the access for homeless people in the public space. There has also been much written about an increasing commercialization of the public space. Reasons for the exclusion of homeless people are sometimes based on the notion that homeless people are not consumers and therefore excluded from the public space. The empirical data of this study was based on four semi-structured interviews and one informal conversation. All of the interviewees had experiences of homelessness in Malmö. The questions to the interviewees were mainly focused on experiences of inclusion and exclusion in from physical public space in Malmö. Privatization and commercialization of the public space and moral geography are two theoretical perspectives that I have been using to analyze the reasons for exclusion. In conclusion, the interviewees had varied experiences of inclusion and exclusion from the public space in Malmö. The interviewees were often more concerned about the surveillance by security guards than constructions or design that is supposed to exclude them. There were also varied opinions regarding an alleged competition in the public space between them and the people who beg

Protamine dosage effects on complement activation and sonoclot coagulation analysis after cardiac surgery

Background: An optimal dosage and infusion regime for protamine reversal of heparin after cardiopulmonary bypass is important. Methods: Protamine dosages of either 2mg/kg or 4mg/kg bodyweight were compared in 40 patients after first time coronary arterial bypass grafting. Protamine was infused with a syringe driver over 20 minutes. Arterial blood sampling was performed prior to and during surgery, before and at 0.3, 0.6, 1, 3, 6 and 25h after the protamine infusion. C3a-desArg and C4a-desArg were analysed by radioimmunoassay. Coagulation was assayed with Sonoclot and activated clotting time. Results: Significantly higher inter-group plasma levels of C3a-desArg were seen with the greater protamine dose from 0.3- 0.6h, but none for C4a-desArg. Sonoclot parameters and leucocyte count differed significantly between the groups up to 6h, indicating hypercoagulabilty with the higher protamine dose. Significantly longer ACT in the low protamine dosage group indicited unblocked heparin with nonsignificant increased drainage bleeding and transfusions. There were no signs of allergic or anaphylactic reactions in any of the groups. Conclusion: Keeping the protamine dose low, minimizes complement activation with less viscoelastic signs of hypercoagulability. However there is an increased risk for drainage bleeding and unnecessary transfusion if heparin is not fully reversed with protamine post cardiopulmonary bypass. The present study was underpowered to detect significant differences in bleeding

Expression of cyclin D1, D3, E, and p27 in human renal cell carcinoma analysed by tissue microarray

Aberrations in the GI/S transition of the cell cycle have been observed in many malignancies and seem to be critical in the transformation process. Few studies have delineated the presence of GI/S regulatory defects and their clinical relevance in renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Therefore, we have examined the protein contents of cyclin D 1, D3, E, and p27 in 218 RCCs, using tissue microarray and immunohistochemistry. The results from a subset of tumours were confirmed by Western blotting and immunohistochemical staining of regular tissue sections. Interestingly, low protein contents of cyclin D I and p27 were associated with high nuclear grade, large tumour size, and poor prognosis for patients with conventional tumours. We further observed substantial differences in the pattern of GI/S regulatory defects between the different RCC subtypes. The majority of both conventional and papillary cases expressed p27; however, chromophobe tumours generally lacked p27 staining. In addition, conventional RCCs often expressed high cyclin DI protein levels, while papillary RCCs exhibited high cyclin E. In summary, we have shown that GI/S regulatory defects are present in RCC and are associated with clinico-pathological parameters. The pattern of cell cycle regulatory defects also differed between RCC subtypes. (C) 2003 Cancer Research UK

Cyclin D1 overexpression is an indicator of poor prognosis in resectable non-small cell lung cancer

Cyclin D1 is one of the G1 cyclins that control cell cycle progression by allowing G1 to S transition. Overexpression of cyclin D1 has been postulated to play an important role in the development of human cancers. We have investigated the correlation between cyclin D1 overexpression and known clinicopathological factors and also its prognostic implication on resected non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. Formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded tumour tissues resected from 69 NSCLC patients between stages I and IIIa were immunohistochemically examined to detect altered cyclin D1 expression. Twenty-four cases (34.8%) revealed positive immunoreactivity for cyclin D1. Cyclin D1 overexpression is significantly higher in patients with lymph node metastasis (50.0% vs 14.4%, P = 0.002) and with advanced pathological stages (I, 10%; II, 53.8%; IIIa, 41.7%, P = 0.048; stage I vs II, IIIa, P = 0.006). Twenty-four patients with cyclin D1-positive immunoreactivity revealed a significantly shorter overall survival than the patients with negativity (24.0 ± 3.9 months vs 50.1 ± 6.4 months, P = 0.0299). Among 33 patients between stages I and II, nine patients with cyclin D1-positive immunoreactivity had a much shorter overall survival (29.7 ± 6.1 months vs 74.6 ± 8.6 months, P = 0.0066). These results suggest that cyclin D1 overexpression is involved in tumorigenesis of NSCLCs from early stage and could be a predictive molecular marker for poor prognosis in resectable NSCLC patients, which may help us to choose proper therapeutic modalities after resection of the tumor. © 1999 Cancer Research Campaig

Development of a GC Method for the Quantification of Short Chain Carboxylic Acids in Aqueous Solution

Petroleum powered vehicles emit volatile organic compounds (VOCs) through combustion that contributes to the pollution of the environment. A technique in the 1970s was developed to decrease these emissions, especially for nitrogen oxides (NOx) and sulphuric oxides (SOx) which is called exhaust gas recirculation (EGR). The technique works by recirculating a portion of the combusted gas back into the engine, this limits the NOx and SOx emissions because of lower temperatures and less available oxygen. The problems that follow these effects is the formation and condensation of acids that corrode the material of the EGR system, which are created by many different reactions. It is of importance to understand how the compounds in the EGR system behaves through analysis of authentic and simulated condensates, which is why a quantitative method for these compounds are of interest. The aim of the project was to develop a simple quantitative analysis method for formic acid, acetic acid, and lactic acid in aqueous solution, which was done at Gränges Sweden AB. The technique used for detection and quantification was gas chromatography (GC) coupled to a flame ionization detector (FID) and a water compatible polyethylene glycol (PEG) column. Fractional factorial design (FFD) was used for determination of adequate operating parameters of the GC method and the sample preparation. Sample preparation only required filtration and pH adjustment prior to direct aqueous injection (DAI) to the chromatographic instrument. Detection of the analytes was very difficult because of non-compatibility with the FID, and quantification of asymmetric peak shapes made this problem worse, omitting lactic acid from further analysis. Limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) was 490 and 1640 ppm for formic acid and 120 and 400 ppm for acetic acid, with an injection volume of 0.3 μL and split ratio 10:1. Limits were too high for every EGR sample leaving no peaks detected for the sample preparation used. Further development should be done with complementary techniques and sample reprocessing in order to quantify the compounds

Prognostic factors in squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck, with emphasis on 11q13 rearrangements and cyclin D1 overexpression.

At present, clinical outcome or response to therapy can not be fully predicted in individual cases of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN). The overall aim of the present studies was to investigate potential prognostic factors, more closely related to the malignant progression of a tumor than the established markers, such as the TNM-classification system. Tumor samples were investigated using cytogenetic analysis, immunohistochemistry (IHC), flow cytometry (FCM), slot blot hybridization, differential PCR and RT-PCR, and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). The findings were compared with clinical data. Rearrangements of chromosome 11, band q13 (11q13), overexpression of the oncoprotein cyclin D1, complex karyotypes, and high histopathological malignancy scoring were all correlated to poor prognosis in SCCHN. They all yielded independent prognostic information in multivariate analysis. Cyclin D1 overexpression was correlated to partial or complete response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Chromosomal translocations of 11q13, together with genomic amplification, are involved in cyclin D1 oncogene (CCND1) deregulation, leading to cyclin D1 overexpression. Complex karyotypes are observed in DNA-diploid tumors, as assessed by FCM, partly explaining the low prognostic information yielded by this method in certain SCCHN. The present findings indicate 11q13 rearrange- ments and cyclin D1 overexpression, as assessed by cytogenetic analysis and IHC, respectively, to be new, independent prognostic factors in SCCHN. Furthermore, the latter parameter might predict response to induction chemotherapy. Cyclin D1 overexpression by IHC could easily be introduced to clinical work, in the hope that therapy will be brought a step closer to individualized treatment schedules

Development of a GC Method for the Quantification of Short Chain Carboxylic Acids in Aqueous Solution

Petroleum powered vehicles emit volatile organic compounds (VOCs) through combustion that contributes to the pollution of the environment. A technique in the 1970s was developed to decrease these emissions, especially for nitrogen oxides (NOx) and sulphuric oxides (SOx) which is called exhaust gas recirculation (EGR). The technique works by recirculating a portion of the combusted gas back into the engine, this limits the NOx and SOx emissions because of lower temperatures and less available oxygen. The problems that follow these effects is the formation and condensation of acids that corrode the material of the EGR system, which are created by many different reactions. It is of importance to understand how the compounds in the EGR system behaves through analysis of authentic and simulated condensates, which is why a quantitative method for these compounds are of interest. The aim of the project was to develop a simple quantitative analysis method for formic acid, acetic acid, and lactic acid in aqueous solution, which was done at Gränges Sweden AB. The technique used for detection and quantification was gas chromatography (GC) coupled to a flame ionization detector (FID) and a water compatible polyethylene glycol (PEG) column. Fractional factorial design (FFD) was used for determination of adequate operating parameters of the GC method and the sample preparation. Sample preparation only required filtration and pH adjustment prior to direct aqueous injection (DAI) to the chromatographic instrument. Detection of the analytes was very difficult because of non-compatibility with the FID, and quantification of asymmetric peak shapes made this problem worse, omitting lactic acid from further analysis. Limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) was 490 and 1640 ppm for formic acid and 120 and 400 ppm for acetic acid, with an injection volume of 0.3 μL and split ratio 10:1. Limits were too high for every EGR sample leaving no peaks detected for the sample preparation used. Further development should be done with complementary techniques and sample reprocessing in order to quantify the compounds