Design for aging eyes: an in-depth look at fast-food outdoor menu displays

The aging population, one of the fastest growing age groups in the United States, is an audience that graphic designers and visual communicators often fail to address. Fast-food menu displays are just one example of a design that may not meet the needs of a senior clientele. This study consolidates and summarizes a variety of literature relevant to the design needs of an aging population.;This study then poses four research questions: (1) How can we design a fast-food menu for the aging eye? (2) How can a designer understand the functional problems associated with the visual and motor deficits of the older population? (3) What colors do elderly have difficulty seeing? What typeface is easiest to see at a distance? (4) What size does that typeface have to be in order for it to be read without any difficulty?;By considering the changes that occur as the eye ages, the fast-food industry could take a giant step forward. Two basic conditions must be met in order to make fast-food menu displays more legible and effective. The first condition is that the material (text & photographs) on the menu should be both visible and legible. The second condition is that the items on the menu must be easily understood. To test the current fast-food menu displays, 90 individuals responded to a questionnaire. The questionnaire provided data that begins to reveal how people order food from the menus at fast-food restaurants. The same questionnaire also collected some qualitative data regarding individuals\u27 overall impressions of fast-food menu design. The outdoor menu displays of four drive-thru fast-food restaurants were also evaluated and analyzed based on criteria established by the literature review.;Results from the study provided some answers about what individuals like and want in the designs of fast-food menus. Speed and consistency were two suggestions that were reported by multiple respondents on the surveys. Also, there seemed to be a strong preference for pictures. The findings from the menu analysis show that there is not a universal standard in terms of outdoor fast-food menu display design.;The purpose of this line of research is to produce some preliminary guidelines for the structure, organization, and design layout of outdoor drive-thru fast-food menu displays. The study establishes critical legibility factors related to aging vision and analyzes the displays of four fast-food restaurants

The effects of grip width on sticking region in bench press

Hensikten med denne studien var å undersøke eksistensen av sticking region ved å studere hvordan tre ulike grepsbredder påvirker sticking region i styrkeløfteres benkpressutførelse. Alle deltakerne viste en fremtredende sticking region med alle tre grepsbreddene, men sticking region ble ikke funnet ved samme leddvinkel med alle tre grepsbreddene. Dermed ble hypotesene om at sticking region ville oppstå ved samme leddvinkel på albuen og skulderen avvist

Some Recent Contributions to Our Understanding of Corn Diseases

There is probably no other disease problem of greater significance economically than that of corn. Hence, the purpose of this paper is to sketch briefly the progress that has been made in this study and to point, in a general way, to some phases of the problem that are immediately before us. Because of its complexity and the misconception as to its significance, a beginning in this field was tardy. Our method of attack on the corn problem seems to be passing through the characteristic successive stages of investigation. These stages may be traced as beginning with observation of the significance of the disease, and the causal relationships, followed by intensive biological investigations and field studies. My discussion of the corn-disease situation will follow this order and I hope you will bear with me if I refer frequently to work done in our own laboratory

Plant research in the tropics: A symposium on growth and development of maize in the Latin Americas

The Tropical Research Center is an outpost of the Iowa State College located at Antigua, Guatemala, in tropical America. This outpost was organized for research and graduate study in agriculture and the natural sciences by The Iowa State College and approved by the State Board of Education in December, 1945. The Iowa State College believed that to improve the service which plants give to man, it would be desirable to study plants of other climates comprising areas known to be centers where nature and the primitive man cooperated to bring so many of our crops into existence. The College believed too that a station in the tropics would facilitate the solution of its problems in the natural sciences, which are basic to all technology. And lastly the Tropical Research Center was created in order that the College might broaden and liberalize the training and thereby increase the usefulness of its staff and graduate students by affording them an opportunity to work and study in the tropics where the plant, animal and human environment are very foreign to our own. All of this was made possible largely through a grant of money from a public. spirited citizen of Iowa, the late Earl E. May. The work of the Center was initiated in February, 1946, with headquarters in Antigua, Guatemala, where laboratories, offices and trial grounds have been established in sympathetic cooperation with public.spirited citizens of Guatemala engaged in private enterprise and with the Guatemalan Government

The Paradox of Multi-Stakeholder Collaborations: Insights from Sustainable Silicon Valley’s Regional CO2 Emissions Reduction Program

Significant progress toward sustainability will require effective collaboration among governments, businesses, non-governmental organizations, and citizens. But research on multi-stakeholder collaborative efforts as tools for achieving environmental results has identified an apparent paradox. Collaborative efforts can be extremely effective in enlisting participation of diverse participants, heightening awareness of critical problems, and catalyzing actions in the absence of clear public policy requirements; however, they may not be effective at achieving specific quantitative objectives. This paper illustrates this paradox, based on the experiences of the “Sustainable Silicon Valley” (SSV) project in the San Francisco (California) Bay Area. SSV is a multi-stakeholder collaboration among business, government, and environmental organizations. In 2003, SSV declared a goal of reducing Silicon Valley’s CO2 emissions by 20 percent compared with 1990 levels. Although Silicon Valley did achieve significant reductions in CO2 emissions compared with predicted increases, SSV did not come close to achieving the goal of 20 percent reductions for the Silicon Valley region as a whole. The experience of Sustainable Silicon Valley suggests that collaborative efforts can achieve significant progress in mobilizing leadership and support for environmental initiatives. But collaborative efforts alone may not be sufficient to achieve specific environmental goals such as a regional CO2 emissions reduction target

An Improved Method of Potato Seed Treatment

Half of the seed potatoes that are planted each spring are infected with some plant disease. Black leg, Black scurf, Common scab, and Dry rots are the commonest of these diseases. They cut down the stand, injure the roots, mar the potatoes and reduce the yield. Illustration on cover shows the seed potatoes from a 2 1/2 bushel sack bought in the open market, sorted into two lots: those free from disease and those not free. Note that there are more diseased potatoes than healthy ones. \u27!\u27his is not an unusual case; in fact, it is somewhat better than the average. Such potatoes can be made into good seed by treating them, but seed treatment will not make good seed out of culls. The little potatoes and those badly diseased should be discarded for seed purposes

Surface Roughness-Controlled Superelastic Hysteresis in Shape Memory Microwires

Superelasticity in Cu–Zn–Al shape memory alloy microwires is studied as a function of surface roughness. Wires with a rough surface finish dissipate more than twice as much energy per unit volume during a superelastic cycle than do electropolished wires with smooth surfaces. We attribute the increased damping in wires with large surface roughness to the increased density of surface obstacles where frictional energy is dissipated as heat during martensitic phase transformation.United States. Army Research Office. Institute for Soldier Nanotechnologie

The Barberry Bush and Black Stem Rust of Small Grains

During the season of 1916 the cereal crop of the middle west suffered another severe epidemic of black stern rust {Pucclnla graminis). It is estimated that this disease caused a loss of $110,000,000 in the wheat growing districts of Minnesota, North and South Dakota, and Nebraska. In the four principal spring wheat growing provinces or Canada the damage was placed at$100,000,000. Altho Iowa did not suffer as severely as adjoining states on the north, yet the damage was probably not less than $5,000,000. Unquestionably, these severe losses are in a large measure responsible for the present high cost or food stuffs. The protection of the cereal crops from this rust Is or importance, not only to the farmer who grows the grain, but also to every bread consumer

Cabbage Diseases

Cabbage diseases are the chief limiting factor In profitable commerclal cabbage growing In Iowa. The most destructive of these are black·leg, black-rot, and cabbage yellows. Any one may destroy the greater portion of a crop. The first two are known to be distributed with the seed and cause Infection of the young plants In the seed bed. Some of these naturally find their way Into the field and under favorable conditions become destructive. Cabbage yellows may also be distributed with the seed but Is probably more commonly spread with the plants by the soil adhering to the roots