Barriers in inflammatory bowel disease care in Central and Eastern Europe: a region-specific analysis

Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), including Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis, are chronic immune-mediated diseases with a high incidence and prevalence in Europe. Since these are diseases with associated disability, they require complex management and the availability of high-quality healthcare resources. We focused on the analysis of IBD care in selected countries of Central and Eastern Europe (Croatia, the Czech Republic, Hungary, Moldova, Poland, Romania and Slovakia) targeting the availability and reimbursement of diagnostic and therapeutic modalities, the role of IBD centers and also education and research in IBD. As part of the analysis, we created a questionnaire of 73 statements organized in three topics: (1) diagnostics, follow-up and screening, (2) medications and (3) IBD centers. The questionnaire was filled out by co-authoring IBD experts from individual countries, and then the answers and comments on the questionnaire were analyzed. We identified that despite the financial burden, which still partially persists in the region, the availability of some of the cost-saving tools (calprotectin test, therapeutic drug monitoring) differs among countries, mainly due to variable reimbursement from country to country. In most participating countries, there also remains a lack of dedicated dietary and psychological counseling, which is often replaced by recommendations offered by gastroenterologists. However, there is adequate availability of most of the currently recommended diagnostic methods and therapies in each participating country, as well as the implementation of established IBD centers in the region. © The Author(s), 2023

History of cryptography from antiquity to middle ages

Práce nejdříve definuje obor kryptografie a další termíny, které s ní bezprostředně souvisí. Poté popisuje stručný přehled vývoje kryptografie v období starověku a středověku a naváže popisem jednotlivých metod, v závěru shrne a vyhodnotí vývoj za dané období

Contribution to the pathology of spontaneous adiaspiromycosis in small mammals

A description is given of the pathological reaction of the lung tissue of small rodents and insectivores to spontaneous infection with the fungus Emmonsia crescens. No differences were observed in the reaction of the tissue of either the individual hosts or within the various seasons. These facts suggest that the origin of a granulomatous reaction to the presence of the adiaspore in small mammals may be a process associated with an early or still florid infection. In three cases, the authors observed verrucose proliferations on the outer layer of the adiaspore wall, and minute spherical bodies situated close to the mother adiaspore. In their opinion the phenomenon under consideration is the formation of daughter adiaspores (spherules). This finding is important because it may help in explaining of several lung changes.In A. flavicollis and A. sylvaticus from Bulgaria, the authors found granulomatous pneumonia and minute adiaspores which they believe to be adiaspores of the species Emmonsia parva