Abrindo a caixa preta da gestão das unidades de conservação: processos inovativos sistêmicos e a geração de conhecimento

Com base no olhar amplo e sistêmico da teoria evolucionária neo-schumpeteriana sobre o processo inovativo, o presente artigo busca demonstrar que essa abordagem pode ser utilizada para analisar as questões relacionadas à inovação na gestão de unidades de conservação (UC). São discutidas as características do processo inovativo no Brasil e as estratégias das firmas brasileiras na geração e difusão de inovações. A partir disso, são analisadas as similaridades desse cenário com as características, estratégias e obstáculos na geração e difusão de inovações na gestão de UCs. Como conclusão, percebe-se que existem pontos bastante similares quando se analisa o processo inovativo para as firmas e no caso da gestão das UCs, com destaque para a importância do conhecimento, do contexto no qual os atores estão inseridos, especificidades locais, além de barreiras relacionadas à cultura das organizações e oportunidades para maior investimento em treinamento, capacitação e parcerias

The Contribution of the Special Court for Sierra Leone to the Law on Criminal Responsibility of Children in International Criminal Law

The revision of laws and the application of culpability to those most responsible for serious humanitarian law violations has functioned as a necessary condition for achieving peace in most post-war societies. However, there is an embarrassing silence when it comes to addressing the question of whether children are to be subjected to the principle of individual criminal responsibility. As morally controversial as it is, the question remains fundamental. Unfortunately, children have been involved in armed conflicts, as victims primarily, but not exclusively. Children are among those accused of having committed brutal and terrible international crimes in times of armed conflict when part of armed groups or armed forces. And with no consensus within the international community regarding their status within International Criminal Law — no established law within International Law and no consistent practice among states on the issue— the problem of criminal accountability of children accused of international crimes remains unanswered. The current work conducts a legal positivist analysis with the focus of investigating the contribution of the Special Court for Sierra Leone to the current debate on children’s criminal responsibility under International Criminal Law. Among significant contributions, the Statute of the Special Court brought one interesting innovation to the debate on children’s potential criminal responsibility. Juveniles starting at age fifteen would be considered viable for prosecution if among those most responsible for the Special Court, as established in Article 7.1. The above innovation translates into two essential contributions to the debate on children criminal responsibility for international crimes: first the Special Court was the first international court to elect a minimum age of criminal responsibility (MACR) at age fifteen to be operational within the scope of the court. Secondly, and equally important, the court reflected the position that children, after the stipulated MACR would be considered, at least a priori, viable subjects of the international criminal system