The importance of a diagnostic pathway in the diagnosis of haemoptysis.

The role of interventional pulmonology in both the diagnostic and therapeutic aspects of haemopthysis is far to be completely defined. Even if we have to differentiate massive from mild and moderate bleeding it seems to be reasonable to asses that a bronchoscopy (fiberoptic or rigid) can be safely proposed in skilled centers with a wide range of immediate therapeutical interventional options, whether pneumological, either radiological or surgica

Colapso tectónico en las Zonas Externas Béticas Orientales durante el Paleogeno-Aquitaniense (Alicante, SE España)

Six Paleogene-Aquitanian successions have been reconstructed in the Alicante area (eastern External Betic Zone). The lithofacies association evidences “catastrophic” syn-sedimentary tectonic processes consisting of slumps, mega-olisthostromes, “pillow-beds” and turbiditic deposits. This kind of sedimentation is related to unconformity surfaces delimiting sequence and para-sequence cycles in the stratigraphic record. The data compiled have enabled the reconstruction of the Paleogene-Aquitanian paleogeographic and geodynamic evolution of this sector of the External Betics. During the Eocene the sedimentary basin is interpreted as a narrow trough affected by (growth) folding related to blind thrust faulting with a source area from the north-western margin, while the southeastern margin remained inactive. During the Oligocene-Aquitanian, the sourcing margin becames the southeastern margin of the basin affected by a catastrophic tectonic. The activity of the margins is identified from specific sediment source areas for the platform-slope-trough system and from tectofacies analysis. The southeastern South Iberian Margin is thought to be closer to the Internal Betic Zone, which was tectonically pushing towards the South Iberian Margin. This pushing could generate a lateral progressive elimination of subbetic paleogeographic domains in the eastern Betics. This geodynamic frame could explain the development of such “catastrophic” tectono-sedimentary processes during the Late Oligocene-Early Miocene.El presente artículo muestra los resultados obtenidos en el estudio y reconstrucción de seis sucesiones de edad Paleogeno-Aquitaniense localizadas en el área de Alicante (Zonas Externas Béticas orientales). Seis asociaciones de litofacies reconocidas evidencian procesos tectónicos sinsedimentarios catastróficos consistentes en la aparición de slumps, mega-olistostromas, incluso con bloques métricos de elementos deslizados de la plataforma, niveles almohadillados y depósitos turbidíticos. Este tipo de depósitos va acompañado de superficies de discontinuidad que delimitan secuencias y para-secuencias deposicionales en el registro estratigráfico. La interpretación de los datos obtenidos ha permitido proponer un modelo de la evolución geodinámica y paleogeográfica de este sector de las Zonas Externas Béticas orientales durante el Paleógeno-Aquitaniense. La cuenca sedimentaria se interpreta como un corredor afectado por una deformación incipiente que produciría pliegues de crecimiento relacionados con cabalgamientos ciegos profundos. Dicha cuenca presentaría durante el Eoceno un margen que se deformaba situado al noroeste, que suministraría el material terrígeno y otro tranquilo al sureste. En el Oligoceno debió producirse una reorganización paleogeográfica que ocasionó que el margen productivo pasara a ser el sureste. La actividad tectónica de ese margen sureste se reconoce por depósitos característicos del borde del corredor-talud-plataforma, que evidencian la destrucción y redepósito en masa de sedimentos procedentes de dicha plataforma. Para explicar la geodinámica responsable de dicha actividad tectónica sinsedimentaria tan catastrófica se propone que las Zonas Internas Béticas debían ocupar una posición muy cercana a la terminación oriental del Margen Sudibérico durante el periodo compresivo del Oligoceno Superior-Mioceno Inferior. Esto implicaría un acuñamiento lateral de dominios paleogeográficos subbéticos en la parte oriental de la Cordillera Bética ya en este periodo, de manera que podría faltar el Subbético Interno y Medio.This research was supported by the projects CGL2011-30153-CO2-02 and CGL2012-32169 (Spanish Ministry of Education and Science), by Urbino University found (responsible F. Guerrera), and by Research Groups and projects of the Generalitat Valenciana from Alicante University (CTMA-IGA)

Geodynamic Implications of the Latest Chattian-Langhian Central-Western Peri-Mediterranean Volcano-Sedimentary Event: A Review

High amounts of Chattian-Langhian orogenic magmatism have generated volcaniclastic deposits that are interbedded within the penecontemporaneous sedimentary marine successions in several central-western peri-Mediterranean chains. These deposits are widespread in at least 41 units of different basins located in different geotectonic provinces: (1) the Africa-Adria continental margins (external units), (2) the basinal units resting on oceanic or thinned continental crust of the different branches of the western Tethys, (3) the European Margin (external units), and (4) the Western Sardinia zone (Sardinia Trough units). The emplacement of volcaniclastic material in marine basins was controlled by gravity flows (mainly turbidites; epiclastites) and fallout (pyroclastites). A third type comprises volcaniclastic grains mixed with marine deposits (mixed pyroclastic-epiclastic). Calc-alkaline magmatic activity is characterized by a medium- to high-potassium andesite-dacite-rhyolite suite and is linked to complex geodynamic processes that affected the central-western Mediterranean area in the ∼26 to 15 My range. The space/time distribution of volcaniclastites, together with a paleogeographic reconstructions, provide keys and constraints for a better reconstruction of some geodynamic events. Previous models of the central-western Mediterranean area were examined to compare their compatibility with main paleotectonic and paleogeographic constraints presented by the main results of the study. Despite the complexity of the topic, a preliminary evolutionary model based on the distribution of volcaniclastites and active volcanic systems is proposed.Research was supported by grants from the University of Urbino to F. Guerrera and M. Tramontana; by the CGL2016-75679-P research project (Spanish Ministry of Education and Science); and by research groups and projects of the Generalitat Valenciana from Alicante University

Tectono-Sedimentary Evolution of the Cenozoic Basins in the Eastern External Betic Zone (SE Spain)

Four main unconformities (1–4) were recognized in the sedimentary record of the Cenozoic basins of the eastern External Betic Zone (SE, Spain). They are located at different stratigraphic levels, as follows: (1) Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary, even if this unconformity was also recorded at the early Paleocene (Murcia sector) and early Eocene (Alicante sector), (2) Eocene-Oligocene boundary, quite synchronous, in the whole considered area, (3) early Burdigalian, quite synchronous (recognized in the Murcia sector) and (4) Middle Tortonian (recognized in Murcia and Alicante sectors). These unconformities correspond to stratigraphic gaps of different temporal extensions and with different controls (tectonic or eustatic), which allowed recognizing minor sedimentary cycles in the Paleocene–Miocene time span. The Cenozoic marine sedimentation started over the oldest unconformity (i.e., the principal one), above the Mesozoic marine deposits. Paleocene-Eocene sedimentation shows numerous tectofacies (such as: turbidites, slumps, olistostromes, mega-olistostromes and pillow-beds) interpreted as related to an early, blind and deep-seated tectonic activity, acting in the more internal subdomains of the External Betic Zone as a result of the geodynamic processes related to the evolution of the westernmost branch of the Tethys. The second unconformity resulted from an Oligocene to Aquitanian sedimentary evolution in the Murcia Sector from marine realms to continental environments. This last time interval is characterized as the previous one by a gentle tectonic activity. On the other hand, the Miocene sedimentation was totally controlled by the development of superficial thrusts and/or strike-slip faults zones, both related to the regional geodynamic evolutionary framework linked to the Mediterranean opening. These strike-slip faults zones created subsidence areas (pull-apart basin-type) and affected the sedimentation lying above the third unconformity. By contrast, the subsidence areas were bounded by structural highs affected by thrusts and folds. After the third unconformity, the Burdigalian-Serravallian sedimentation occurred mainly in shallow- to deep-water marine environments (Tap Fm). During the Late Miocene, after the fourth unconformity, the activation of the strike-slip faults zones caused a shallow marine environment sedimentation in the Murcia sector and a continental (lacustrine and fluvial) deposition in the Alicante sector represented the latter, resulting in alluvial fan deposits. Furthermore, the location of these fans changed over time according to the activation of faults responsible for the tectonic rising of Triassic salt deposits, which fed the fan themselves.Research supported by: Research Project CGL2016-75679-P, Spanish Ministry of Education and Science; Research Groups, Projects of the Generalitat Valenciana, Alicante University (CTMA-IGA); University of Urbino Carlo Bo (funds to M. Tramontana)

Evolutionary Models of the Cenozoic Basins of Central-Western Mediterranean Area: A Review of Methodological Approaches

In the last 40 years, several models based on very different methodological approaches have been proposed to interpret the complex geodynamic evolution of the central-western Mediterranean area and, in particular, of the Cenozoic basins. The persistence of numerous interpretations and still-open problems resulted in the proliferation of very different models. The reconstructions presented are highly influenced by difficulties often encountered in considering constraints introduced by models built by means of completely different methodological approaches. For example, major difficulties can arise in integrating data from individual classical disciplines (i.e., geology, stratigraphy, geophysics, tectonics, magmatology and plate kinematics) with those resulting from the use of modern technologies (i.e., digital processing, uses of software, field observations using drones, etc.) and generally aimed to support specific topics. These considerations lead researchers to believe that a multidisciplinary approach would always be auspicious for these studies, because a greater control of the reconstruction of geologic and geodynamic events, and, therefore, for resulting models, would be ensured. After some considerations about different types of literature models based on specific investigation methodologies, the updating of a recently presented evolutionary model is proposed by attempting to integrate as much data as possible about the Cenozoic basins of the central-western Mediterranean area.Research supported by: grants from the University of Urbino Carlo Bo (F. Guerrera and M. Tramontana); Research Project CGL2016-75679-P, Spanish Ministry of Education and Science; Research Groups, Projects of the Generalitat Valenciana, Alicante University (CTMA-IGA)