Propuesta de plan de negocios para la venta de Pasuchaca

El desarrollo del emprendimiento se basa en una estrategia diferenciaci?n de segmento para comercializar producto Pasuchaca a poblaci?n diab?tica de 25 a?os a m?s en Lima metropolitana, ofreciendo una propuesta de valor basada en la calidad mayores beneficios y minimiza efectos secundarios de tratamiento convencional que representar? la ventaja competitiva en el Mercado, desplegando acciones de sensibilizaci?n inicial a trav?s de campa?as de marketing para atraer al p?blico, la distribuci?n en farmacias, centros naturistas, supermercados para mantener exposici?n y disponibilidad, puntos de distribuci?n preferidos seg?n el estudio, y retenci?n a partir de actividades preventivo promocionales orientadas a mejorar la calidad de vida como charlas nutricionales, maratones, entre otros, que persigue la fidelizaci?n del segmento. El despliegue del plan de marketing, a trav?s medios de comunicaci?n masiva aprovecha las debilidades y oportunidades del entorno y desarrolla la estrategia en tres etapas: Etapa de Prelanzamiento con el objetivo es educar e informar al p?blico objetivo sobre las propiedades curativas de la Pasuchaca, en l etapa de Lanzamiento con la finalidad de concientizar al p?blico objetivo sobre las propiedades curativas de la Pasuchaca; y en la tapa de Consolidaci?n: La estrategia de lanzamiento ser? ?retener e incrementar? al p?blico objetivo

Public subsidies to business R & D: do they stimulate private expenditures?

The purpose of this paper is to obtain new evidence about a fundamental question of empirical studies on technology policy. Is public R & D a complement to or a substitute for private R & D? We examine, at an industry level, the relationship between private R & D expenditures and public subsidies in Spain, using panel data and controlling the interindustry differences in technological opportunities. The results suggest that public subsidies have complemented private R & D. This is an interesting result because technology policy was reoriented in the 1990s with a reduction of direct government subsidies for R & D and an increase in tax incentives.

Composition and characteristics of trabecular bone in osteoporosis and osteoarthritis

Background: Bone strength depends on multiple factors such as bone density, architecture and composition turnover. However, the role these factors play in osteoporotic fractures is not well understood. Purpose: The aim of this study was to analyze trabecular bone architecture, and its crystal and organic composition in humans, by comparing samples taken from patients who had a hip fracture (HF) and individuals with hip osteoarthritis (HOA). Methods: The study included 31 HF patients and 42 cases of HOA who underwent joint replacement surgery between 1/1/2013 and 31/12/2013. Trabecular bone samples were collected from the femoral heads and analyzed using a dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, micro-CT, and solid-state high-resolution magic-angle-spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (MAS-NMR) spectroscopy. Results: No differences in proton or phosphorus concentration were found between the two groups using 1H single pulse, 31P single pulse, 31P single pulse with proton decoupling NMR spectroscopy, in hydroxyapatite (HA) c-axis or a-axis crystal length. Bone volume fraction (BV/TV), trabecular number (Tb.N), and bone mineral density (BMD) were higher in the HO group than in the HF group [28.6% � http://dx.doi.org/10.5 vs 20.3% � 6.6 (p = 0.026); 2.58 mm?1 � 1.57 vs 1.5 mm?1 � 0.79 (p = 0.005); and 0.39 g/cm2 � 0.10 vs. 0.28 g/cm2 � 0.05 (p = 0.002), respectively]. The trabecular separation (Tp.Sp) was lower in the HO group 0.42 mm � 0.23 compared with the HF group 0.58 mm � 0.27 (p = 0.036). In the HO group, BMD was correlated with BV/TV (r = 0.704, p < 0.001), BMC (r = 0.853, p < 0.001), Tb.N (r = 0.653, p < 0.001), Tb.Sp (?0.561, p < 0.001) and 1H concentration (?0.580, p < 0.001) in the HO group. BMD was not correlated with BV/TV, Tb.Sp, Tb.Th, Tb.N, Tb.PF, 1H concentration or HA crystal size in the HF group. Conclusions: Patients with HO who did not sustain previous hip fractures had a higher femoral head BMD, BV/TV, and Tb.N than HF patients. In HO patients, BMD was positively correlated with the BV/TV and Tb.N and negatively correlated with the femoral head organic content and trabecular separation. Interestingly, these correlations were not found in HF patients with relatively lower bone densities. Therefore, osteoporotic patients with similar low bone densities could have significant microstructural differences. No differences were found between the two groups at a HA crystal level. ? 2020 Elsevier Inc.Scopu