The Diversity of Terrestrial Mammals Surrounding Waterfall at Billy Barquedier National Park

Billy Barquedier is a National Park located in the Stann Creek district of Belize that contains Neotropical vegetation and wildlife. This study was performed to provide a baseline inventory and appearance frequency patterns of the terrestrial mammals located within Zone 1 of the park near a waterfall and to gain a greater understanding of the biodiversity and activity patterns of terrestrial mammals within the park. The methods included camera traps, small Sherman live traps, large live traps, and tracking methods. A non-random sampling method of placing camera traps and live traps on or near human-made or animal-made trails was used to identify the maximum amount of species possible within the eight-week study period. Bait including the local fruit Mamey Apple (Pouteria sapota) was used to attract wildlife to the study area. The hypothesis was at least eight species would be identified during the eight-week study period. The results indicated eleven species were identified, therefore the null hypothesis less than eight species would be identified was rejected and the alternative hypothesis that at least eight species would be identified was accepted. The non- random sampling method introduced bias into the data. Consequently, definite conclusions about relative density and abundance of animals in the area cannot be drawn by this study alone. However, chi-squared tests revealed statistically significant evidence animals appeared more frequently in the central region of the study site, during the first three days the cameras were set out, and during the nighttime hours (2000 to 0459)

Summer Diapause of the Clover Leaf Weevil, \u3ci\u3eHypera Punctata,\u3c/i\u3e and Lesser Clover Leaf Weevil, \u3ci\u3eHypera Nigrirostris,\u3c/i\u3e in Wisconsin

Low respiration rates, immobility, lack of feeding, and undeveloped reproductive systems confirmed a summer diapause in the overwintered and current-year adults of the clover leaf weevil, Hypera punctata, and lesser clover leaf weevil, Hypera nigrirostris. The prolonged summer diapause and extended winters in Wisconsin set strict limitations on the available time for damaging populations to develop on red clover, Trifolium pratense thus assuring the status of these weevils as minor pests

Impact of stressing a pen mate on physiological responses of growing pigs

Crossbred barrows and gilts (n = 36), weighing 16.59 ± 2.1 kg, were used to test the effects of stressing a pen mate on the physiological responses of growing pigs. Pigs were randomly allotted to 6 groups after stratifying according to gender, litter origin, and body weight. Dominance order was determined within each group, and 1 to 3 d prior to the stress treatment the most- and leastdominant pigs within a group were fitted with indwelling catheters in their vena cavas. Over 3 d, groups were either: 1) isolated from audile and visual contact with stressed pigs in a separate room (non-stressed control); 2) separated by a curtain from visual contact with stressed pigs; or 3) allowed to maintain audile and visual contact with stressed pigs. Blood samples were collected 30, 15, and 0 min before exposure to the stressor (snout-snare) treatment and again at 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7.5, 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 min after stressor application. Serum cortisol and plasma glucose, lactate, and nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA) concentrations were measured. There were no treatment × sampling-time interactions (P \u3e 0.17) for concentrations of cortisol, glucose, lactate or NEFA, nor were these metabolites affected by stressor treatment (P \u3e 0.42). Humoral measures of the stress response were not affected by visual and/or audile contact with pen mates undergoing a stressful event