Apple, Peg

Apple, Russ

English

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The Hawaiians 1 Claims for Reparations By Run and Peg Apple QUEEN UUUOKALANl'S over-throw In 1m la the ctuz ol Ibo 1m ol1lm1 for reparation• lrom the UDl1'<1 Statu by ullve Hawaiians. ffltrlfl"I nae WIS l....,red la be replaced by the American 1111 ln larm1I ceremontea T9 yean a11a today 11 lolalll Palace. TIit. 011 ea , •h•nc• ... Ille vlslble IJmbol ol &nne!'Aliatl of th bl111ds by the lln11e<1St&~1. lo 111911, Aus. j2 was Annenllon Day !or Ha•lll'i,>\ !>!any Haw.U.ns 11&yed home 11111 day ind cried. So did aomr otber bland famUks ol non-H•••lla,ulhnlc berltaae . THEY, LIKE most Haw11ian1 , &aok DO pan In the revolution Im, yran brlore whlcfi ended the mon-ar<hJ. Tboy loo sulfored wronu, and some or the ume los111 at did the HawaU.n -I• , Many DDD·H••atlans were loyal 1ub)Ool1 ol her Hawaiian M~ UJ Liliuoulanl and loyal d UUAa of Iha Kinplom ol Hawa.l"I. NCOl•HawaU111 clll .. ns ..... did not he Ip with the rnolullon In 11193 may have descendants In 1m who cuuld file <lalml ·••IDII tbe u .s. for inde!'!nily . Desoendaols of the Hawaiian <Ill• ien1 are doinl so. Qverthrow AMERICA."l CITlZENS and units al lhe U.S. aowmunent joined some l•I• nd people bom al American par• tnts ind 1raadparents to dethrDne the queen and HiH political control a, well u 1hr land whl<h belonced 10 Ille klDtdom and U.._ lllrone. Some bl • nden of Amenr::an hent -a,:e- ~pparenUy did AGl )oitl In lhe O\'t'n.hrow Se11un of the throne, I and and control In 1693 was lhe r,; :,;or link in 1 he Americ1n•led chain of events that ellma:1ed in 1898 wilh U.S annexaUon. IS THE OVERTHROW. a U.S. diplomat, lhe mlnl•ter 10 Ille Kine• dom of Jlawal'I, helped depose Quru Lilluakalanl .,hlle armed biueJackets marohed up and dawn Kint Strttt. Ulen bi..,..acked near the palace. Guns of Ille U .S.S. Bo1-10n lhre11ened Honolulu town lrum Ille harlxJr. U.S. llln!Jter John I.. Stevens wu quick to Jive diplomatic recosnltlon IO tho teVolUIJC>IIOt)' covel'1\mmt .. 1 up by hllnd businessmen with 11ron1 lies lo America. Ql2ftl Ulluoblanl yielded la the su~t10t lore@ of the United StalH; her prolellt evenluaJJy reatbed ll)lhinr&an, · Prnidenl Grover Cleveland pub-licly deplored the UleJal overthrow, reeall•d the diplomat . •rithdrew lrum Con1re11 plans for aru,unllan, and called ulnJy for reparallans to vindicate the honor of the Unlled Shte1 rar lt1 act of war aralnst the •·ao,-.mment of a feeble but frtrlldly Ind conlldln, people." f"IVE YEARS LATER . in 1199. under a dJlforenl pollllcal 1dmlnl1, tration in WashJn,ton, and under- the , tress of the Spanish,Ametic.-an War, lhe tTnlted State1 annexed Hawai'i. Wllh annnauan. aman1 other Illini,. the Uni~ Slates acquired U,ir vast land holdtne, - the 1ovem• mcnt and the ttown landt - Mhed in the avenhrow. Priute l•nd haldlnlS were not a/. fected Reparation Bills NOW PENDING In lhe u 5. Senate IJld HaulO are duplicate reoolutlons 1eneraled by nathe Hawaiian o,culullon1 '!'hlcb would Mt,upja oarnmluloD to 1tud1 claim, 1enent-ed by the overthrow &Del anneullon. ALOHA CAbori1in1I l.aDc11 ol Ho• wallan Antestty J and other Haw&I• Laa 1raup1 say that •monc the wroac1 •as the ,ec:eptan~e by th~ u.s al lands II helped 1te1I from lhe langdom '1 gonmme•t and throne , 1141b tesolullans slate that the v111 land haldinrs taken by the Ulllled Stau-1 •· taad hem cvmman p roperty ol thl: t(a•aU 1a 11auve, prior 1D 1he onrthraw of their lDdl,1enou.s CO¥• emme.nt. .. " NOT TRUE ," claimed one Ha• walJan croup at reC'fflt convesat.onal bearlll1• 111 Honolulu 011 the rriolu, IJ0111. Ctowt1 lands. it C'lalms. were aitv1r romman property but belanied only lo the throne. Commoners and othor chiefs had no cl11m to them. Presumptive helrt 1a the throne hlw orronued and hired an attar• ney ta tlaun nparatJon1 for the Mll• ed crown lands U-&Dlferred la the Ulllled Slate1 ill 18'8. ll the clalm b)' thr royal holr1 of I.ha throne to thr crown land• IJ \'alld and upheld, th • t seem& to Jean only Ule i:ovemme nt lands of the 1<1o1dom for dHC<Ddantl al Iha citizens In 18:13 ol tho lllotdom la clalln. Who were the t1 llzen, of the lilD1-dom In 11193• Hawaiian Citizenship DON"T CONFUSt cilllrns wllb residents or vorers. In the Jl90 trl'Qu1. thr hlanda had a papwalion ol 89.990. or thou . •O.· 621 <•S per crnu were Hawaiians and part•HawaUans. all cltluns. • Here also were 't.495 non-Ha••I• ians who had been born In lhe h• lallds, ai.o cl1llena. Th11 makes 48,· 117 oltlze111 by blrtb. or 113 per cant ol lhe population. Namrallud ettlzens alive In 18:IO fonn an llllkno•11 numller. But oitl-aemhip wa1 arained avu the ye-an btlare 1893 to some blinders born tn Chin•, France, Germany. Great BrUaia, Norway, Ponu11l. Sautb Amerlea , rhe Soutb Sea lslandt. Ulllled Slates ind other plact1 . HAWAIIAN CITIZENS In nu rnay have numbered as high as so .. 000, will, Hawaiians and part•llawal• lans m1tinr up perhaps 61 per ernt al lhe lolal dtizenJ. About 19 per 4teftl of tlle dUuns con11$t.ed at nort-Haw•U1111 born here or natur~IJed here. Dnoend1nts ol the Haw1li1n and part•ffawaUan citizens af 1ht- kln1-dam have made C'lalms for tel)•ta· Uom. Vet to be hrard loom •~ de,cend• ants of tho con-Hawaiian c!lll,,111. PERHAPS AROUND today are a IN Cleshams, 1.)/cur,:usH . Judd•. RawUnte:s, Sihas . Walken and Woos whose ancestor, were C1t!ztn1. innoc.-rnt,and lra:ally wront:ed b)'· 1tlllder1. while • rew rnolullonLlt1 dell,raned Quren Uliuokalanl with tho help al lhe U.S. Sa•y Amonc tht rest of the ttsldtnts •ere • bo-,t 30,n::o Asians . most or lhem lleld hands on the su1ar plantations. Asians larmrd about 33 per cent of th• lotal population , lionolulu Star-~ulletin '""';"'°" 1,y c;.,..,." , ... ,< ,...,,.,..,,_ ~/1=/-rt Voting MOST ISLA!•ID residents could not wte. Franchise wa1 llmit.td to males 2D yun old and mare , with property or UX:orne mln.lrnutn1 . AU voters had ta speak, read and write Hawauan. Ea.d u ll or • £~u.a ta:11ua1e - • requirement thar effe-rtJvely etJma• 1t11ed most Asians. , Some Amerieart and Europ1!'an •1!•111 held en01111h pros,erty or had 1lllfic1utt income to \.'a le, and did wte , ia the 1890 ele-ctJans. No Chi• nue- ar Jap.anese were re1l1tend to ~le in lt>O. 1 2% .,.., NATUIAUltO HOH-KAWAU,ft,,ti fOIIUG.,.US IOIM ?N HAWA.11 HAWAII POPULATION 1890 (89,990) Voter re1ls1ralian In t&IG was lll1hlly more than 14.000. PrDIJOrtr and Income provisions ellmlna1" many olherwbe 0U1lble Kawauan, and part•Haw1Uans, all ol tbe111 clllse1u, fl'Ol!l lbt Polls. Land Ownership BY ISllJ. ffl••U's land can be11 be thouchl or .. dJ•lded Iola, "'"(hly . thirds - eaoh third COnJlsllnC ol m•ny detad1ed p • rc-~I• 1c.-1tt.rted over the hl1nd1 of NI' 1111-., K1ua ·1. O'ahu . Mol • k a"I. Lana•l, Kaho•o-. l1we, llaul and Howol' I. One third wat cro•n land •11d ano\her third was gonrnment land By 1193. much cf lhe tl'l)Wn .and ICOY• ernment lan.d was leastd to 1u1ar plantrrs. Income helped 1uppan lht 11\ront and the kin1dom 's go\rrfD-mrnt. Crown land wH aboul a minion 1C're1. gov.-mmr-rn l•nd: about a mll-lion and • h•U acres. The final third - rrolly about ,,...,. fifths af the f'nUte land arta U .500.• Oto aCTrt ) - •• • pnval~ land. IN 11• . out of the n.990 rt11dtnu. there wer,e ~,195 fer stmple land GlfAT MAHElE lUO n...11C>~1,.,..,1-c.1 DWrwrt 1plu1 Ule 1ovemment and the C'ro~. Fi¥e ptr cent of the resi-Mnu vrere Uie land owners. Hawal'i'• other 95 per cent of thr people li••d on IOfflebody •lse•1 land 11 tenants by lt&sr or ottlerwise. A rela Uvely 1mall numbir!' of We1tetnet1 repor1edly awned more Ulan one mUllon 1cre1 . Th1s v.·as ap-proitlm1,.11 58 per cent al au the prtvate land In the l1lands. Tcda)''I activtsr Hawaiian, n1htJy trat11 tM lar1e.lr landlus 11atu1 of mode-m Hawaiian people batl~ ro tht-Creat M1hele. a land distr1bu1' 1on 1n the mid-160fts which rronlotc•d the lon&:•ttandlng •ncient and early hlS• tarir pantm ol concentrated land OWTVnhip. Great Mahele KAloltHA!o!EHA 1hr Cr.at. lawld• er ol lt.e Kmi:dum ol Hawah. acquir• ed abso lute tlUr to all of Hawau 'a land by 18l0 Hu 10n Lihohho tKame-hami:ha Jh 1nh~n1ed ir Wh.-n Li.tlohho d1 l'd. Kamehameha the-Grf':il ', tetond son. Kaai-1,kr,aouh O\ametumeha UII. 1nMrUed all th~ laod. K,amrhar.ieh3 Ill, as Its ablotulit owne-r. d n·1drd his land into "lhlt'ds" Thu. was the- Griut •••· ·hetr. One thord ht puceled out to 2•0 ol 39% ! ,ANATf OWNEIS'"P 4.69l OWNEAS 37%! GOVERNMENT QWNE~HIP LAND OWNERSHIP 1893 POPULATION 89,990 the hlehen chieh ta bttame lh• basis of today's prlvat~ h1nd1. In· dud ing th~t O'A1'1td by thl! largest e1-tate.s. One third of the land he gav• to thP thronP - th~ c-rown land. P~sumpti,·r he irs to the throne now da1m riepara11ons for lts aebure and then ils •cqu11IH0n by tht Unicrd S1a1u. Orsctnd1rtt1 o( t"Ornmonttr Hawaiians and tu,;er rhl•h may also be dasmlnc reparations for au loss One lhmt of lh~ land lie l(ave- to the ,:o\·~rnmen l .-.1 the lunidom of H.1wai'l - lhe 1ot:emmirnt lo1nd. 1t too wa1 St'ttrd &n the revoluUon and aooepted In Ire 11mple by the Cnlled State1 on •~nrk•tion. Ha•uian croups • re d•1m1n1C npuations for thost acts . Jn thr c"'*' ,\fahele. n:irnmftner Hawailan•. thr bul~ e l lhe ISlO popu• lahcm. rrct •\·NI l f' n than aiw pr r tfnl of 1hr lolal land. Who Lost What Who lost what in thr re:votuaicn of 1133! Quren Ulluokalan i lost the 1hrone The throne lost lands lhrouit\ st-1• zurw. Hein lo the ll,ran, 10, 1 lh<1r riJhl to income lrom the croYr"n lal"lh. loll their r1,n1 to rule. H••a11an1 lost a n • lion - a Palynesaan rnonar cby loundrd • u n -hay before by Kameham tt, a. lhe Great . Lost also WH the hereditary r lir:ht of Haw•Uans Id eonUn.ueo 1,1 hP ruJPd by familon of the h ll hell ~lllefly rank. Haw•U•n, lost a IOClety and a cul· ture baud o;i rank ;:acqwred •t con• npUon. l,a)al sub~CII DI !ht quttn lost freedom through beinJ J• ~ed: lost Jobs end IIIIUJ. Loy,aJ DOn•Ha,uiian aubjects of Ille que~ 10.1 their eha1en Ille style In a monarchical form of 1overn~ fflrnl. A tamti t utJon1I ro.,emment was loll . Land btlo n a:ine to. that eav~rn• meal ••• lo:sl lhrou1h 1~izi1re. Haw,U1n and non-Haw1Uan r 11t• zcns of t~t a:o~mmcnt i., t tht>1r common property - thf' covrmmrnr land Thi l!noled States !Qst honnr •M fne whtn 11 brolle a long ctandrn,t trHIY with a ll'l•ndly klncdom . and Y1ol1~ intern1Uon1l I••· by arm~d fflltTYf"ntion 1n. the 1nu mal affairs of 1 foreien nation; and by I atrr ac• oept1n1 land it had helped othru lo H lH U1 lhat a,t10n 

The Hawaiians' Claims for Reparations

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The Hawaiians' Claims for Reparations

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