PENGARUH PEMAPARAN DELTAMETHRIN TERHADAP BERAT BADAN DAN FEED CONVERSION RATIO PADA AYAM BROILER

Deltamethrin is a type-II pyrethroid insecticide that is widely used in Indonesia. This insecticide is effective against insects via direact contact and ingestion. The aim of this research was to determine the effects of deltamethrin on the body weight and Feed Conversion Ratio of broiler. The total number of ten broilers was divided into two groups of five. Group I as a control group, were given standard feed and water. Group II as the experimental group were given standard feed and water containing 20 mg/L of deltamethrin. The feed consumption was weighed daily until the 35th day while the body weight of chickens was weighed weekly until the 5th week. FCR was calculated by dividing the total feed consumption with the body weight gain. The body weight gain of each group was analyzed by using Friedman test. Mann- Whitney test was used in analyzing the difference in body weight gain and FCR between both groups. The result showed that the body weight of the control group increased significantly from 119 ± 2,12g in the first week to 2546 ± 93,70g in the fifth week (P<0.05). The body weight of experimental group increased significantly from 112.4 ± 4.51g in the first week to 2036 ± 271.07g in the fifth week (P<0.05). The mean of Feed Conversion Ratio of the control group was 1,69 ± 0,07g, while for the experimental group was 1,95 ± 0,23g. The result of Mann-Whitney test showed that there was no significant difference between both groups. Based on the result, it can be concluded that deltamethrin has no effect on Feed Conversion Ratio, however, can reduce the weight gain of broilers

Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy (4th edition)

In 2008, we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, this topic has received increasing attention, and many scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Thus, it is important to formulate on a regular basis updated guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Despite numerous reviews, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to evaluate autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. Here, we present a set of guidelines for investigators to select and interpret methods to examine autophagy and related processes, and for reviewers to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of reports that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a dogmatic set of rules, because the appropriateness of any assay largely depends on the question being asked and the system being used. Moreover, no individual assay is perfect for every situation, calling for the use of multiple techniques to properly monitor autophagy in each experimental setting. Finally, several core components of the autophagy machinery have been implicated in distinct autophagic processes (canonical and noncanonical autophagy), implying that genetic approaches to block autophagy should rely on targeting two or more autophagy-related genes that ideally participate in distinct steps of the pathway. Along similar lines, because multiple proteins involved in autophagy also regulate other cellular pathways including apoptosis, not all of them can be used as a specific marker for bona fide autophagic responses. Here, we critically discuss current methods of assessing autophagy and the information they can, or cannot, provide. Our ultimate goal is to encourage intellectual and technical innovation in the field