Uruk Colonies and Anatolian Communities: An Interim Report on the 1992-1993 Excavations at Hacinebi, Turkey

The first Mesopotamian city-states in the Uruk period (ca. 3800-3100 B. C.) pursued a strategy of commercial expansion into neighboring areas of the Zagros Mountains, Syria, and southeastern Anatolia. Recent research in these areas has located several Uruk outposts, in what is apparently the world\u27s earliest-known colonial system. Although some Uruk colonies have been excavated, virtually nothing is known about either the operation of this system or its role in the development of local polities in Anatolia. Excavations at the site of Hacinebi, on the Euphrates River trade route, investigate the effects of the Uruk Expansion on the social, economic, and political organization of southeastern Anatolia during the fourth millennium B. C. Hacinebi has two main Late Chalcolithic occupations - a pre-contact phase A and a later contact phase B with high concentrations of Uruk ceramics, administrative artifacts, and other Mesopotamian forms of material culture. The Hacinebi excavations thus provide a rare opportunity to investigate the relationship between the Uruk colonies and the local populations with whom they traded, while clarifying the role of long-distance exchange in the development of complex societies in Anatolia. Several lines of evidence suggest that the period of contact with Mesopotamia began in the Middle Uruk period, earlier than the larger colonies at sites such as Habuba Kabira-South and Jebel Aruda in Syria. The concentrations of Uruk material culture and the patterns of food consumption in the northeastern corner of the Local Late Chalcolithic settlement are consistent with the interpretation that a small group of Mesopotamian colonists lived as a socially distinct enclave among the local inhabitants of Hacinebi. There is no evidence for either Uruk colonial domination or warfare between the colonists and the native inhabitants of Hacinebi. Instead, the presence of both Anatolian and Mesopotamian seal impressions at the site best fits a pattern of peaceful exchange between the two groups. The evidence for an essential parity in long-term social and economic relations between the Mesopotamian merchants and local inhabitants of Hacinebi suggests that the organization of prehistoric Mesopotamian colonies differed markedly from that of the better-known 16th-20th century European colonial systems in Africa, Asia, and the Americas

ANALISIS EFISIENSI WAKTU PELAYANAN LOADING UNLOADING BAGASI PESAWAT DI BANDARA ADISUTJIPTO YOGYAKARTA

Ground Handling Company is a third party to the activities of the airports along with the airline and the airport managerial. It deals with the passenger baggage service. It is a challenge for ground handling company in Adisutjipto Yogyakarta to serve passengers that reach for almost 3 million people per year. This research will look at baggage service process in terms of time, such as how to obtain an effective and efficient baggage service from the check-in counter to to the aircraft, and vice versa. Surveys are conducted by collecting data related to the process above and then the obtained data will be processed. The data is analyzed by simulation using Microsoft Excel and SPSS software. The simulation results will then be used to describe the loading-unloading process, which similar to the real condition and the movement patterns of the baggage itself. Thus, researcher can provide the possibility of changes toward better. The results of the simulation can be used as a consideration for decision makers in Adisutjipto Airport Yogyakarta especially in relation with the effectivity and the efficiency of loading-unloading system

Call to restrict neonicotinoids

On 28 April 2018 the European Parliament voted for a complete and permanent ban on all outdoor uses of the three most commonly used neonicotinoid pesticides. With the partial exception of the state of Ontario, Canada, governments elsewhere have failed to take action. Below is a letter, signed by 232 scientists from around the world, urgently calling for global action by policy makers to address this issue