LIGIA GRISCHA BYLAWS

1. The Ligia Grischa fixes the period of its existence for 15 years. 2. In this society can only be accepted persons from 12 to 60 years, who show in their life a good behavior. 3. Every member must pay $5.00 on entering the Ligia Grischa and signing the statues. He must also pay 1 Taler every month and on the 5th of June 1875 another 10 Talers. 4. Every member who enters after the foundation of the Ligia Grischa is obliged to pay the same capital plus 5% more than the members who joined at the foundation of the Ligia Grischa. This has the advantage to increase the percentage and the Ligia has the rights every year

Charting the Course: Four Years of the Thomas W. Payzant School on the Move Prize

Every spring since 2006, EdVestors (www.edvestors.org) invites Boston Public schools with 4-year rates of improvement on the Massachusetts Comprehensive Assessment System (MCAS) tests that are significantly (50% or more) greater than the district average to apply for a $100,000 School on the Move Prize (SOM). Since the creation of the Prize, the Rennie Center for Education Research & Policy has served as EdVestors' research partner, identifying and documenting lessons from the winning schools. This report draws upon the previous SOM case studies produced by the Rennie Center, along with interviews with school leaders, staff and students. The study identifies common themes across all four winning schools that describe the structures and strategies put in place to better serve students, as well as some of the opportunities and barriers the schools have faced in sustaining their success since winning the award. Finally, the study highlights some key lessons the leaders of these four schools view as critical to implementing the strategies and practices outlined to support students and improve outcomes.Over the past four years, a diverse group of schools have emerged as winners, including two pilot schools -- one a high school and the other an elementary school -- a traditional K-8 school and a small high school occupying one floor of the South Boston Education Complex. These schools also represent the diverse neighborhoods in Boston, including Dorchester, Roxbury, Brighton, and South Boston. Despite differences in structure, governance and grades served, all four winning schools do share some similar characteristics. First, they all experienced significant structural changes in the immediate years prior to winning the SOM Prize that provided an opportunity for reflection and strategic planning. Second, they are all relatively small schools with lower enrollments than most comparable schools with the same grade configurations in the district. Third, they are all led by experienced educators who are strong leaders with deep knowledge of the Boston Public School system. Finally, they all share common practices that have been critical to their success in improving student achievement, including: Shared Leadership -- Shared Learning: Distributed leadership grounded in shared accountability between administrators and teachers toward a goal of instructional excellence and increased student achievement; Data-driven Instruction: Intentional systems to use data to drive decisions about curriculum, instruction and student supports; andAcademic Rigor and Student Support: A student-centered approach that balances high academic expectations with integrated academic and developmental supports targeted to student needs

An analysis of factors affecting the oxygen consumption of the isopod Ligia oceanica

This is the publisher's version, which can also be found at: http://www.jstor.org/stable/30155682A multiple-regression equation was derived in which the statistical significance of the effects of six independent variables on metabolic rate could be arranged in the following order: exposure temperature, body weight, starvation period, feeding period, acclimation temperature, and percentage of lipids. Two multiple-regression equations were required to express the metabolism of Ligia oceanica without loss of accuracy when reapplied to the individual experimental data. One equation accounted for 84% of the variation of metabolism in animals acclimated to 5 or 12 C; the second accounted for 85% of the variation of metabolism in animals acclimated to 18 or 26 C. The rate:temperature curve for aerobic metabolism was sigmoid. A region of reduced temperature sensitivity occurred at intermediate exposure temperatures. Thermal acclimation had little effect on the level of metabolism of well-fed Ligia. The maximum metabolic rate shifted from 27.6 C in fed animals acclimated at 5 C to 28.2 C in those acclimated at 12 C, to 33.1 C in those acclimated at 18 C, and to 33.4 C in those acclimated at 26 C. The region of reduced temperature sensitivity shifted from 15-25 C at low acclimation temperatures to 20-35 C at high acclimation temperatures. The effects of starvation on oxygen consumption are controlled by body size, duration of starvation, and acclimation temperature. Metabolism is suppressed in small animals sooner than large ones at each acclimation temperature; high acclimation temperatures enhance the onset and magnitude of such effects. Exposure temperature and the period of starvation influenced the effect of body size on metabolism

An Analysis of Factors Affecting the Oxygen Consumption of the Isopod Ligia oceanica

This is the publisher's version, also available electronically from http://www.jstor.org/stable/info/30155682A multiple-regression equation was derived in which the statistical significance of the effects of six independent variables on metabolic rate could be arranged in the following order: exposure temperature, body weight, starvation period, feeding period, acclimation temperature, and percentage of lipids. Two multiple-regression equations were required to express the metabolism of Ligia oceanica without loss of accuracy when reapplied to the individual experimental data. One equation accounted for 84% of the variation of metabolism in animals acclimated to 5 or 12 C; the second accounted for 85% of the variation of metabolism in animals acclimated to 18 or 26 C. The rate:temperature curve for aerobic metabolism was sigmoid. A region of reduced temperature sensitivity occurred at intermediate exposure temperatures. Thermal acclimation had little effect on the level of metabolism of well-fed Ligia. The maximum metabolic rate shifted from 27.6 C in fed animals acclimated at 5 C to 28.2 C in those acclimated at 12 C, to 33.1 C in those acclimated at 18 C, and to 33.4 C in those acclimated at 26 C. The region of reduced temperature sensitivity shifted from 15-25 C at low acclimation temperatures to 20-35 C at high acclimation temperatures. The effects of starvation on oxygen consumption are controlled by body size, duration of starvation, and acclimation temperature. Metabolism is suppressed in small animals sooner than large ones at each acclimation temperature; high acclimation temperatures enhance the onset and magnitude of such effects. Exposure temperature and the period of starvation influenced the effect of body size on metabolism

Critical behavior of ferromagnetic pure and random diluted nanoparticles with competing interactions: variational and Monte Carlo approaches

The magnetic properties and critical behavior of both ferromagnetic pure and metallic nanoparticles having concurrently atomic disorder, dilution and competing interactions, are studied in the framework of an Ising model. We have used both the free energy variational principle based on the Bogoliubov inequality and Monte Carlo simulation. As a case of study for random diluted nanoparticles we have considered the Fe$_{0.5}$Mn$_{0.1}$Al$_{0.4}$ alloy characterized for exhibiting, under bulk conditions, low temperature reentrant spin glass (RSG) behavior and for which experimental and simulation results are available. Our results allow concluding that the variational model is successful in reproducing features of the particle size dependence of the Curie temperature for both pure and random diluted particles. In this last case, low temperature magnetization reduction was consistent with the same type of RSG behavior observed in bulk in accordance with the Almeida-Thouless line at low fields and a linear dependence of the freezing temperature with the reciprocal of the particle diameter was also obtained. Computation of the correlation length critical exponent yielded the values $\nu=0.926\pm 0.004$ via Bogoliubov and$\nu =0.71\pm 0.04$ via Monte Carlo. This fact indicates that even though thermodynamical models can be indeed used in the study of nanostructures and they can reproduce experimental features, special attention must be paid regarding critical behavior. From both approaches, differences in the $\nu$ exponent with respect to the pure Ising model agree with Harris and Fisher arguments.Comment: 11 pages, 11 figures. Submitted to Phys. Rev.