Influence and reliability of lower-limb arterial occlusion pressure at different body positions

Background: Total arterial occlusive pressure (AOP) is used to prescribe pressures for surgery, blood flow restriction (BFRE) and ischemic preconditioning (IPC). AOP is often measured in a supine position; however, the influence of body position on AOP measurement is unknown and may influence of the level of occlusion in different positions during BFR and IPC. The aim of this study was therefore to investigate the influence of body position on AOP. Methods: Fifty healthy individuals (age = 29 ± 6 y) underwent AOP measurements on the dominant lower-limb in supine, seated and standing positions in a randomised order. AOP was measured automatically using an automated pneumatic tourniquet system, with each measurement separated by 5 minutes of rest. Results: AOP was significantly lower in the supine position compared to the seated position (187.00 ± 32.5 vs 204.00 ± 28.5 mmHg, p<0.001) and standing position (187.00 ± 32.5 vs. 241.50 ± 49.3 mmHg, p<0.001). AOP was significantly higher in the standing position compared to the seated position (241.50 ± 49.3 vs. 204.00 ± 28.5 mmHg, p<0.001). Discussion: AOP measurement is body position dependent, thus for accurate prescription of occlusion pressure during surgery, BFR and IPC, AOP should be measured in the position intended for subsequent application of occlusion

EVOTECH® endoscope cleaner and reprocessor (ECR) simulated-use and clinical-use evaluation of cleaning efficacy

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>The objective of this study was to perform simulated-use testing as well as a clinical study to assess the efficacy of the EVOTECH^®Endoscope Cleaner and Reprocessor (ECR) cleaning for flexible colonoscopes, duodenoscopes, gastroscopes and bronchoscopes. The main aim was to determine if the cleaning achieved using the ECR was at least equivalent to that achieved using optimal manual cleaning.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Simulated-use testing consisted of inoculating all scope channels and two surface sites with Artificial Test Soil (ATS) containing 10⁸cfu/mL of <it>Enterococcus faecalis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa </it>and <it>Candida albicans</it>. Duodenoscopes, colonoscopes, and bronchoscopes (all Olympus endoscopes) were included in the simulated use testing. Each endoscope type was tested in triplicate and all channels and two surface sites were sampled for each scope. The clinical study evaluated patient-used duodenoscopes, bronchoscopes, colonoscopes, and gastroscopes (scopes used for emergency procedures were excluded) that had only a bedside flush prior to being processed in the ECR (i.e. no manual cleaning). There were 10 to 15 endoscopes evaluated post-cleaning and to ensure the entire ECR cycle was effective, 5 endoscopes were evaluated post-cleaning and post-high level disinfection. All channels and two external surface locations were sampled to evaluate the residual organic and microbial load. Effective cleaning of endoscope surfaces and channels was deemed to have been achieved if there was < 6.4 μg/cm²of residual protein, < 1.8 μg/cm²of residual hemoglobin and < 4 Log₁₀viable bacteria/cm². Published data indicate that routine manual cleaning can achieve these endpoints so the ECR cleaning efficacy must meet or exceed these to establish that the ECR cleaning cycle could replace manual cleaning</p> <p>Results</p> <p>In the clinical study 75 patient-used scopes were evaluated post cleaning and 98.8% of surfaces and 99.7% of lumens met or surpassed the cleaning endpoints set for protein, hemoglobin and bioburden residuals. In the simulated-use study 100% of the Olympus colonoscopes, duodenoscopes and bronchoscopes evaluated met or surpassed the cleaning endpoints set for protein, and bioburden residuals (hemoglobin was not evaluated).</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>The ECR cleaning cycle provides an effective automated approach that ensures surfaces and channels of flexible endoscopes are adequately cleaned after having only a bedside flush but no manual cleaning. It is crucial to note that endoscopes used for emergency procedures or where reprocessing is delayed for more than one hour MUST still be manually cleaned prior to placing them in the ECR.</p

Patterns in the distribution of coral communities in inshore and offshore locations in the southern Andaman Sea of Thailand

Thesis (M.Sc., (Ecology (International Program)) Prince of Songkla University, 201