How to measure patent thickets – a novel approach

The existing literature identifies patent thickets indirectly. In this paper we propose a novel measure based on patent citations which allows us to measure the density of patent thickets directly. We discuss the algorithm which generates the measure and present descriptive results validating it. Moreover, we identify technology areas which are particularly impacted by patent thickets

Silicon solar cell development for low temperature and low illumination intensity operation, volume 1 Analysis report, 30 Jun. 1969 - 30 Apr. 1970

Operational performance of solar cell at low temperatures and under low illumination intensit

Solar cell cover glass development Final report

High vacuum ion beam sputtering of integral coverslips for solar cell utilizatio

Low cost silicon solar cell array

The technological options available for producing low cost silicon solar cell arrays were examined. A project value of approximately $250/sq m and$2/watt is projected, based on mass production capacity demand. Recommendations are included for the most promising cost reduction options

The Federal Trade Commission and the Courts [Part 1]

But a majority of Congress had a still different idea as to what was needed. In their view, the Federal Trade Commission was to have positive powers for the enforcement of new legislation designed to supplement the existing law, in addition to the powers of investigation and publicity contemplated by the President. Accordingly, the plans of the industrial leaders were rejected, as apparently was Mr. William Howard Taft\u27s assurance that the courts were quite capable of handling the entire matter under the Sherman Act, and in 1914 Congress enacted the Federal Trade Commission Act, creating a five-man commission with power to prevent unfair methods of competition in commerce, together with additional powers of investigation and publicity. Also enacted at the same session was the Clayton Act, which gave the Federal Trade Commission the further authority to enforce its provisions against price discrimination, tying clauses, control of competitors through stock acquisitions, and interlocking directorates. Despite dire prognostications as to the unconstitutionality of the F. T. C. Act as an unlawful delegation of legislative and/or judicial power, and as so indefinite as to be void for uncertainty, the Act has not been invalidated in any particular upon constitutional grounds. The lower federal courts have rejected contentions that it violates the separation of powers doctrine, or the due process clause, or that its terms are so vague as to render the delegation of power unlawful. And when the Supreme Court invalidated the legislative delegations in the N. R. A. for want of sufficiently definite standards, both Mr. Chief Justice Hughes for the majority and Mr. Justice Cardozo in his concurring opinion pointed to the F. T. C. Act as a model form of proper delegation. But, while the courts have been most tolerant in proclaiming the lawfulness of the Congressional enactments, and most discerning in detecting the purpose for which they were enacted, a similar judicial attitude has not always greeted the Commission in its attempts to carry out that purpose. That tolerance has been absent and discernment lacking on many a bench before which the Commission appeared will be apparent from the pages to follow

Influência da adubação fosfatada e calagem sobre a absorção do zinco, em dois solos de Minas.

Two experiments were installed in the greenhouse to study the relationships between phosphate fertilization, liming and zinc fertilization. One experiment used a red latosol soil while the other used a dark brown acid soil. Hybrid corn AG 206 was used to plant both experiments. The data collected consisted of dry matter productions level of zinc in the leaves, stems and tootes of the corn as well as the P/Zn and Ca/Zn rations in the leaves. Phosphate fertilization and liming lowed the level of zinc in the corn leaves to a point equal to or lower than 14 ppm. These leves were below 80% of the maximum yields of the experiments. The application of 4,5 ppm of zinc to the soil was adequate to raise the level of zinc in the leaves above the critical level. It also increase the production was limited by a zinc deficiency. The phosphorus and zinc interaction, which ocurred primarily in the roots of the plant, reduced the translocation of zinc to the leaves. The interaction between liming and zinc ocurred prior to the absorption of zinc by the plant. It aprears that there are ratios between phosphorus and zinc between calcium and zinc in the leaves which are critical to good plant growth. The critical P/Zn ratio is betwee 300 and 470 and the critical Ca/Zn ratio between 455-640

Square-free values of multivariate polynomials over function fields in linear sparse sets

Let f be a square-free polynomial in Fq[t][x] where Fq is a field of q elements. We view f as a polynomial in the variable x with coefficients in the ring Fq[t]. We study squarefree values of f in sparse subsets of Fq[t] which are given by a linear condition. The motivation for our study is an analogue problem of representing square-free integers by integer polynomials, where it is conjectured that setting aside some simple exceptional cases, a square-free polynomial f in Z[x] takes infinitely many square-free values. Let c(t) be a polynomial in Fq[t] of degree less than m, and let k < m be coprime to q. A consequence of the main result we show, is that if q is sufficiently large with respect to m and the degrees of f in t and x, then there exist $\beta_1,\beta_2$ in Fq such that $f(t,c(t)+\beta_1t^k+\beta_2)$ is square-free. Moreover, as q tends to infinity, the last is true for almost all $\beta_1$ and $\beta_2$ in Fq. The main result shows that a similar result holds also for other cases. We then generalize the results to multivariate polynomials.Comment: Moved one section to the appendix, and made minor edit