The expanding universe of the study of sound change

The study of sound change has evolved from a heuristic tool for 19th century comparative historical reconstruction into the backbone of the rigid approach to language change developed by the Neogrammarians. In the course of the 20th and early 21st century it has become the main meeting point for a range of subdisciplines of linguistics (historical linguistics, dialectology, sociolinguistics, phonology, phonetics and cognitivist approaches to phonetic variation). In this lecture I will sketch some of the main aspects of the approaches to sound change taken in these various corners of the field. By way of a synthesis I will propose a model in which three approaches to sound change dovetail to account for the huge and seemingly chaotic body of insights into the phenomenon. An empirical study of an instance of historical sound change which affected a subset of the Brabant dialects of Dutch will serve to illustrate several parts of the model.Universidad de Málaga. Campus de Excelencia Internacional Andalucía Tech

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN LEARNING MOTIVATION INTRINSIC AND EXTRINSIC STUDENTS WITH LEARNING STUDENT ACHIEVEMENT X CLASS VIDEO AUDIO ENGINEERING SKILLS COMPETENCY SMK MA'ARIF 1 WATES

This study aimed to determine whether there is a relationship between intrinsic and extrinsic motivation students individually or jointly with a class X student achievement competency skills SMK Techniques Audio Video Ma'arif 1 Wates. The research method used was ex post facto, a population of 36 students from all class X competency skills Techniques Audio Video SMK Ma'arif 1 Wates. The data were taken using a questionnaire for the independent variable to the dependent variable was the method of documentation. Content validity is obtained through expert judgment and analysis of grain Product Moment Correlation calculated for all the independent variables. Reliability of the instrument intrinsic and extrinsic motivation of students with Cronbach alpha coefficients. The data analysis technique used is descriptive statistics, correlation and regression at a significance level of 5% The results of class X competency skills Techniques Audio Video SMK Ma'arif 1 Wates found a positive and significant relationship between students' intrinsic motivation to student achievement indicated by the coefficient r of 0.446, and the significance of the relationship X1.1 variables with the variable Y can be seen the value of amounted to 12 558 t count> t table with (n-2) for 2042, and a large increase in intrinsic motivation by 1 point the achievement increased 0.454. The existence of a positive and significant relationship between extrinsic motivation of students with student achievement indicated by the coefficient r of 0.389 and significance of the relationship X1.2 variables with the variable Y can be seen t value of 12.841> t table with (n-2) of 2.042, and large increase in extrinsic motivation every 1 point increase the academic achievement 0.404. The existence of a positive and significant relationship between intrinsic and extrinsic motivation of students with student achievement indicated by the coefficient r of 0.461, and the significance of the relationship X1.2 variables with the variable Y can be seen t value of 10.837> t table with (n-2) for 2.024, and a large increase in intrinsic and extrinsic motivation every 1 point increase the academic achievement 0.539. Keywords: Motivation, Learning, Achievemen

Incentive Systems in a Real Effort Experiment

In the reported experiment different payment schemes are examined on their incentive effects. Payment based on individual, team an d relative performance are compared. Subjects conducted computerized tasks that required substantial effort. The results show that individual and team payment induced the same effort levels. In team production free-riding occurred, but it was compensated by many subjects providing more effort than in case of individual pay. Effort was higher, but more variable in tournaments, while in case of varying abilities workers with relatively low ability worked very hard and drove up effort of the others. Finally, attitudes towards work and other workers differed strongly between conditions.Payment schemes, experiment

Final State of Gregory-Laflamme Instability

We describe the behavior of a perturbed 5-dimensional black string subject to the Gregory-Laflamme instability. We show that the horizon evolves in a self-similar manner, where at any moment in the late-time development of the instability the horizon can be described as a sequence of 3-dimensional spherical black holes of varying size, joined by black string segments of similar radius. As with the initial black string, each local string segment is itself unstable, and this fuels the self-similar cascade to (classically) arbitrarily small scales; in the process the horizon develops a fractal structure. In finite asymptotic time, the remaining string segments shrink to zero-size, yielding a naked singularity. Since no fine-tuning is required to excite the instability, this constitutes a generic violation of cosmic censorship. We further discuss how this behavior is related to satellite formation in low-viscosity fluid streams subject to the Rayleigh-Plateau instability, and estimate the fractal dimension of the horizon prior to formation of the naked singularity.Comment: 27 pages, 6 Figures. Chapter of the book `Black Holes in Higher Dimensions' to be published by Cambridge University Press (editor: G. Horowitz

Impact Evaluations and Development: Nonie Guidance on Impact Evaluation

In international development, impact evaluation is principally concerned with final results of interventions (programs, projects, policy measures, reforms) on the welfare of communities, households, and individuals, including taxpayers and voters. Impact evaluation is one tool within the larger toolkit of monitoring and evaluation (including broad program evaluations, process evaluations, ex ante studies, etc.).The Network of Networks for Impact Evaluation (NONIE) was established in 2006 to foster more and better impact evaluations by its membership -- the evaluation networks of bilateral and multilateral organizations focusing on development issues, as well as networks of developing country evaluators. NONIE's member networks conduct a broad set of evaluations, examining issues such as project and strategy performance, institutional development, and aid effectiveness. By sharing methodological approaches and promoting learning by doing on impact evaluations, NONIE aims to promote the use of this more specific approach by its members within their larger portfolio of evaluations. This document, by Frans Leeuw and Jos Vaessen, has been developed to support this focus.For development practitioners, impact evaluations play a keyrole in the drive for better evidence on results and development effectiveness. They are particularly well suited to answer important questions about whether development interventions do or do not work, whether they make a difference, and how cost-effective they are. Consequently, they can help ensure that scarce resources are allocated where they can have the most developmental impact