Relation between Plasma Process-Induced Oxide Failure Fraction and Antenna Ratio

Conventional antenna charging theory predicts that the net current drawn from plasma is proportional to the charge collecting area of the antenna. However, a quantitative relation between plasma process-induced oxide failure fraction and antenna ratio (AR) has not been found yet. In this paper, yield data of antenna testers have been correlated to the AR in a 0.18 ¿m CMOS technology process. A model is built which fits the experiment data very well. Based on this model, yield loss data obtained on large AR test structures can be used to extrapolate the charging currents and yield loss of smaller AR structures which occur more often in real circuit

Impact of Simulated Insect Defoliation and Timing of Injury on Cabbage Yield in Minnesota

In 1992 and 1994, field studies were done to assess the tolerance of transplanted cabbage to simulated insect defoliation and to determine if the defoliation level and growth stage at which defoliation begins influences final yield. In both years, 6 defoliation levels ranging from 0-100% were applied to transplanted cabbage at 4 time intervals. The time intervals began at transplanting, pre-head and head stages and continued until either head stage or harvest. For both years, the only time interval with significantly higher yield than the trans- plant to harvest interval (longest interval) was the head to harvest interval (shortest interval) and significant yield loss occurred only when defoliation was \u3e12.5%. Results suggest that transplanted cabbage can withstand relatively low levels of defoliation before yield loss occurs but that yield loss is also related to the duration over which defoliation occurs. In early growth stages, to protect yield, pest management practices should focus on reducing the interval over which damage occurs. The use of cultural practices that delay the onset of defoliation or allow avoidance of pests could protect yield. These strategies may include using transplants to shorten the time from planting to harvest or using planting dates that allow significant plant growth (i.e., head stage) before defoliators are able to infest the crop and cause significant damage. In addition, management strategies that reduce pest populations can also protect yield but at the head stage should switch to managing pests to protect marketability by reducing aesthetic damage and head contaminants

Yield loss of barley and wheat varieties to Fusarium Crown Rot

Aim To evaluate the relative yield loss (tolerance) of commonly grown and newly released wheat and barley varieties to Fusarium crown rot

Volunteer Glyphosate-Resistant Corn and Soybean Competition and Control

The continuous use of glyphosate-resistant crops has resulted in volunteer crops with the same herbicide resistance as the cash crop and an increasing weed problem. Volunteer corn reduces soybean yields however; little research has examined corn yield loss due to volunteer corn or volunteer soybean competition. These studies investigated yield loss and control of volunteer soybean in corn, and volunteer corn in soybean and corn. Using several densities of competitive plants, the yield loss was fit to a hyperbolic equation that indicated incremental yield loss (I value) to be 29.9 for volunteer corn in soybeans, 5.6 for volunteer corn in corn, and 3.2 for volunteer soybeans in corn. These data indicate that yield loss due to volunteer corn in soybean was six times greater than yield loss due to volunteer corn in corn and about ten times greater than yield loss due to volunteer soybean in corn. Reduced rates of clethodim resulted in partial control of volunteer corn in soybeans. Soybean yield loss was observed with 12.7 or 25.5 g a.i. ha-1 clethodim however, 51 g a.i. ha-1 clethodim showed minimal soybean yield loss. Glufosinate with a reduced rate of graminicide proved to be an option for excellent (\u3e90%) to good (\u3e80

Evaluating potato yield loss following plant injury

1978 Summer.Covers not scanned.Includes bibliographical references.This information has been developed to make available to the crop insurance adjuster, information previously contained in comprehensive reports as well as information developed especially for this publication. Determining stage of growth and percent plant damage at time of injury are necessary to accurately predict yield loss. Knowledge of the potato plant and its ability to recover following injury may also aid the adjuster in his evaluation. Types of injury following hail damage include defoliation, severed stems and bruised and broken stems. Experiments were conducted which showed that yield losses were usually less than visual estimates of vine damage would indicate. Conclusions drawn from the research include: multiple bruising was not more damaging than one bruise 3/4 of the distance below the plant top and was also similar to 50% defoliation and severing stems 50% through; simultaneous bruising and defoliation did not always have an additive effect over either injury separately; the potato stem possesses an interconnected vascular system so if damage occurs it is likely that one or more vessels will remain functional; severe defoliation results in at least a temporary increase in the photosynthetic rate of remaining leaves. Procedures for the adjuster to follow in the field have been designed to improve the estimate, incorporating the results of the research work. Symptoms of possible injuries present with hail are also included

Tomato late blight yield loss assessment and risk aversion with resistant hybrid

Late blight (Phytophthora infestans) is one of the devastating diseases of tomato worldwide. Field trial was carried out in Kharif 2019 and 2020 in Hesaraghatta, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India, to estimate yield loss due to late blight and to assess extent of protection in resistant genotype during late blight epiphytotics. Yield loss was calculated as per cent difference in yield between fungicides treated and unprotected plots in three F1 hybrids NS501, Arka Rakshak, both susceptible genotypes and Arka Abhed, a resistant genotype. Over two years, average yield loss due to late blight was 79.47 per cent in NS501, 75.53 per cent in Arka Rakshak and 12.84 per cent in Arka Abhed. With lower mean AUDPC values (147.22 in 2019 and 469.17 in 2020) and with low yield loss, Arka Abhed provided affordable protection against late blight. Our findings indicate late blight as an economically important peril to be considered for tomato yield loss coverage under insurance scheme in Bengaluru region. Arka Abhed hybrid can be cultivated to avert yield loss risk associated with late blight epiphytotics

EFFICIENCY OF WIND INDEXED TYPHOON INSURANCE FOR RICE

Index-based weather insurances are innovative tools for mitigating weather risks in agriculture. Several donor agencies and development organisations are investing substantially to propagate these programmes in developing countries. However, often due to high basis risks, these products mitigate risk only through diversification effect, thereby defeating the intended purpose. Besides, they send confusing messages to the farmers regarding the very concept of insurance. Therefore, this paper investigates the efficiency of two such index-based weather insurances in Philippines, designed to mitigate rice yield loss caused by strong typhoon winds. The insurance products are designed assuming negative linear correlation between wind speed and rice yield. To verify, we used satellite data and GIS tools to tabulate typhoon wind speeds, concurrent crop stage and the subsequent rice yield in five provinces which have both the programmes. Regression analyses and Ramsey RESET tests confirm that rice yield loss is not a function of incident typhoon wind speed, irrespective of the crop stage. Basis risk estimations, based on minimum variance hedging ratio for a risk averse expected utility maximising consumer show that the products entail basis risks of the order of 99%. Typhoons damage all crops, but wind indexed insurance is inadequate when the insured crop has low head weight and is agile like rice, since wind onslaughts do not determine the degree of yield loss. Notably, a thorough burn analysis for basis risk is a necessity before investing time and money implementing index-based weather insurance schemes as a tool for poverty alleviation.Basis risk, Typhoon, Index-based Insurance, Crop Production/Industries, Risk and Uncertainty,

Evaluation of oilseed rape seed yield losses caused by Leptosphaeria biglobosa in central China

This document is the Accepted Manuscript version of the following article: Xiang Cai, Yongju Huang, Daohong Jiang, Bruce D. L. Fitt, Guoqing Li, and Long Yang, "Evaluation of oilseed rape seed yield losses caused by Leptosphaeria biglobosa in central China", European Journal of Plant Pathology, first published 9 June 2017. Under embargo. Embargo end date: 9 June 2018. The final publication is available at Springer via: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10658-017-1266-x.Phoma stem canker of oilseed rape (Brassica napus), caused by Leptosphaeria maculans/L. biglobosa is a globally important disease. Severe phoma stem canker symptoms have been observed on winter oilseed rape in China but the seed yield loss caused by this disease remains unknown. In May 2012 and May 2013, 17 and 13 crops were surveyed, respectively, in seven counties of Hubei Province, central China. Stems with phoma stem canker disease symptoms were sampled for pathogen isolation and identification. Only L. biglobosa was identified by culture morphology and species-specific PCR; no L. maculans was found. To evaluate the yield losses, yield components (number of branches per plant, number of pods per plant, 1000-seed weight, number of seeds per pod) were assessed on healthy and diseased plants sampled from crops in four counties and on plants from inoculated pot experiments (plants of three cultivars were inoculated at the green bud stage by injecting L. biglobosa conidia into the stem between the first and second leaf scars). Results of the field surveys showed that diseased plants had 14–61% less branches and 32–83% less pods than healthy plants, respectively. The estimated seed yield loss varied from 10% to 21% and from 13% to 37% in 2012 and 2013, respectively. In the pot experiments, there were no differences in numbers of branches or pods but there were differences in number of seeds per pod between inoculated and control plants. For the three cultivars tested, the inoculated plants had yield losses of 29–56% compared with the control. This study indicates that L. biglobosa could cause substantial seed yield loss in China.Peer reviewedFinal Accepted Versio

UNBALANCED NESTED COMPONENT ERROR MODEL FOR ESTIMATING PEST DAMAGE FUNCTIONS

A recently developed nested error component model for unbalanced panel data is used to estimate insect damage functions. The model estimates the separate random effects for location and year on the variability of yield loss and has smaller standard errors for the regression coefficient than the comparable OLS model.Crop Production/Industries,