Determination of azimuth angle, incidence angle, and contact-potential difference for low-energy electron-diffraction fine-structure measurements

Low-energy electron-diffraction fine-structure data can often have relatively large inconsistencies associated with the electron-beam incidence conditions. This is in part due to the difficulties associated with working with electrons in the range 0–40 eV and in part due to the crystal being oriented azimuthally before being put in the vacuum system. The angle of incidence is often measured optically, but the optical and electron paths need not coincide if residual magnetic fields are present. We describe a technique for determining the angles of incidence and azimuth from the data themselves. This relies upon two factors: the ability to vary the azimuth angle continuously and the ability to see two sets of fine-structure features on one I-V scan. This technique is applied to fine-structure data obtained from clean Cu(001) and O/Cu(001) surfaces. We hope that the technique described will help give confidence to those collecting such data that these angles can be uniquely determined and that the data can be usefully analyzed. The uncertainty of not having a technique for this purpose has prevented groups from publishing such data in the past

Revisiting young masculinities through a sound art installation: What really counts?

What Really Counts? was a sound art installation created in 2019 through a collaboration between a sociologist and a multidisciplinary artist, working with in-depth interviews with young men recorded as part of a British feminist social research project in 1990, exploring sexualities and the threat of HIV/AIDS. In this article, we describe the evolution and staging of the sound art installation project, situating it within interdisciplinary literatures on the use of sociological archives and reanimation of analogue media in a digital age. Working within a fractured tradition of curated sociology, we consider the potential of interdisciplinary collaboration for refreshing sociological analytic practice, revealing the unrealised potential of archived data sets and utilising temporal displacement as a generative analytic strategy for feeling history. We are working with a 30-year time span characterised by a stretching of intergenerational experience in relation to expectations for and mediation of sex/gender. The project attempts to realise the potential for an experimental sociological practice through the staging of open-ended past–present encounters

Downtown as a Classroom: Social/Architechtural History of Beaufort

We live in a town rich in history and architecture, yet nowhere in the 12-year curriculum are these subjects taught. The students and staff of Lady\u27s Island Middle are working to rectify this omission. The purpose of Downtown As A Classroom is to discover (via oral histories and written records), write, illustrate and publish a top-quality children\u27s account of folklore and fact based on Beaufort\u27s architectural past and present. The basic premise is that every building tells a story. It is these family stories which 150+ eighth graders, representing the full spectrum of student population, will learn and preserve. By extending education beyond classroom walls into the community, students become active participants in a wide range of the humanities-- architecture, written and oral history, storytelling, creative writing, dance and visual arts. It is this experiential component which sets the program apart from traditional textbook learning. It is our conviction that by seeing, hearing, reflecting, creating and participating, students will acquire not just impartial facts but a personal appreciation and understanding of their hometown

Micro-blogging Contesting Modernities: Producing and Remembering Public Events in Contemporary Chinese Social Media Platforms

How does journalism empower citizens through reporting and remembering news events, as they take shape in the era of social media in a society where the state power penetrates every aspect of social life and freedom of expression is not legally guaranteed? This inquiry is implemented through looking at the contemporary Chinese context, examining three sets of tensions that capture the characteristics of social media platforms: control/resistance, past/present, and global/local. It analyzes journalism and its reliance on collective memory in social media, by considering social media as an important venue where journalism interacts with other sets of discourses in a tradition of absolute state power. My study shows that in China, a society that enjoys a limited free flow of information, journalism uses social media platforms to mobilize symbolic resources for online activism targeting the Party-state system. These symbolic resources mainly derive from the past, both inside and beyond the Chinese context, leading to a debate of different versions of modernity in China. This is a study that spans three years along with the development of Sina Weibo (now Weibo), a micro-blogging service provided by Sina.com, one of the major Chinese portal websites. I argue that social media complicate the landscape of journalism, by taking a balancing position between market interests and political safety. In particular, micro-blogging has blurred the conventional distinction between professional and citizen journalism. Instead, the institutional and personal journalistic practices are working together contest censorship via social media platforms. Social media opens up spaces for journalists and ordinary citizens to rewrite history, and to use various resources provided by the past to criticize the present Party-state system and struggle for journalistic freedom. The global-local exchange of news and memory via social media platforms brings about a new version of Chinese identity, competing with the version promoted by the Party-state in contemporary social transition, and urging a thorough political reform to reach the goal of a civilized nation. Social media, as shown in the case of Weibo, reflect the conflicting views of China\u27s route to modernity--the debate between Chinese characteristics and universal values, which produces the meanings of a modern Chinese nation and raises the relevance of citizenship. This conflict is situated in the complexities of historical and contemporary social transitions and China\u27s dilemma in the embracing of a global world

Arki löytyy arkistosta: arkistot ja niiden käyttö käännöstutkimuksessa

To write about past translators, we need to rely on archival material. This article sets out to look at Finnish archives and how they can be used in translation research to produce a microhistory of translators and translations. Archives are first discussed on a more general level and examples are then given to illustrate the different aspects of translators’ lives that become visible through archival study. The examples are from different archives and by different translators and are based on previous research of the present author. The aim is, thus, to give an overview of the aspects that a microhistory of translators and translations might consist of, rather than present an in-depth study of one single translator. The examples have been chosen to shed light on the Finnish translators’ working decisions and practices but also on their friendships, hardships, family matters and joys. The material used consists of letters, notes and manuscripts.To write about past translators, we need to rely on archival material. This article sets out to look at Finnish archives and how they can be used in translation research to produce a microhistory of translators and translations. Archives are first discussed on a more general level and examples are then given to illustrate the different aspects of translators’ lives that become visible through archival study. The examples are from different archives and by different translators and are based on previous research of the present author. The aim is, thus, to give an overview of the aspects that a microhistory of translators and translations might consist of, rather than present an in-depth study of one single translator. The examples have been chosen to shed light on the Finnish translators’ working decisions and practices but also on their friendships, hardships, family matters and joys. The material used consists of letters, notes and manuscripts

Revisiting Linking Early Geospatial Documents with Recogito

Recogito is a web-based environment for collaborative semantic annotation. It is open source software, and provides support for working with either text or image documents, including those served via the IIIF protocol. Originally, the tool has been designed for geographic annotation, i.e. the transcription, marking up and geo-resolving of maps and geographical texts (such as itineraries and travel reports) in the context of historical scholarship, e.g. to map or extract data from a source, or to prepare a digital edition. Over time, however, Recogito’s feature set has grown to provide more general annotation functionality, broadening the scope for further potential application areas. Following up from an earlier article we published in e-Perimetron in 2015, in which we first introduced Recogito, this article looks back on the past four years of use and development. We present how Recogito has technologically evolved; how it has been applied in practice in different projects and for different purposes; and how a vibrant user community has sprung up around it that is shaping its further development. The paper also looks forward to some planned next steps, and sets out our future vision for Recogito’s long-term development and sustainability

Restoring the Rule of Law: Reflections on Fixing the Immigration System and Exploring Failed Policy Choices

This paper reflects on issues surrounding the current debate about immigration reform, and explores failed policy choices over the past twenty years. It sets the stage first by providing a historical perspective, and noting how the events of 9/11 have inexorably changed the rhetoric and tone of the political and policy debates over immigration. It speculates about legislative choices and governmental inaction that have impeded past reform efforts and/or contributed to the current situation, thus undermining the rule of law; and observes that the undocumented immigrant population working and residing in this country today, which some lawmakers have labeled lawbreakers, are essentially here because of these past policy choices, making Congress and the federal government largely complicit in this present state of regulatory distress and legislative disarray. Although all agree that the system is broken, failure to reach an informed, rational consensus on how to fix it has widespread consequences across a host of legal, social, political and economic spectrums. The first part of the paper provides background for the current debate; the second part underscores the importance of legislators making the right choices. Immigration regulation in this country has reached crisis proportions, yet congressional bickering and political posturing has rendered a sound resolution nearly impossible. The House insists on an enforcement only approach which as this paper notes is doomed to failure given the history of past legislative efforts along this line. In the Senate, the most promising legislative initiative offered a more comprehensive approach but falls short of what would constitute a comprehensive approach broadly defined. But more important, failure to consider the practical realities associated with the illegal immigration problem will likely condemn any legislation enacted given the current politically divisive climate. As such, the paper warns that failure to take a more concerted bipartisan and pragmatic approach on comprehensive immigration reform towards a restoration of the rule of law in immigration regulation places the country at risk on a number of levels, including national security