Occupational Choices Of The Elderly

This article compares the separate occupational distributions of U.S. male and female workers who are 45 to 65 with those over 65 (the “elderly”) to test a series of simple conjectures about the different occupational structures of the two age groups. The conjectures relate to strength and educational requirements of the work, scheduling flexibility, the availability of part-time work, and mastery of new technology

Work Design for Flexible Work Scheduling: Barriers and Gender Implications

This paper investigates the assumptions underlying three important dimensions of work design, place, distance and time, and their significant linkages to flexible work scheduling and travel behaviour. Work design, defined as the interrelationship of work tasks, workers and workplace routines, moderates the relationship between distributed work, flexible work scheduling and travel behaviour. Models of work design based on conventional views of place, distance and time are restrictive in supporting the potential of flexible work scheduling. Work practices that assume work is conducted only in the workplace (place), during standard work time (time) in the proximity of coworkers and managers (distance) do not, in the main, support flexible work scheduling. This paper considers the broader framework of organisational change and work design from the employer perspective in the context of distributed work and diffusion of communications technology, and its influence on flexible work scheduling

Work Scheduling and Fatigue Management

There are physiological limits to human performance, influenced by the internal programming of the sleep homeostat and circadian rhythms. There are known fatigue-related risks related to different work scheduling factors. This presentation was for presentation to supervisors and managers at Stennis Space Center to provide information about physiological risks factors associated with shiftwork scheduling practices and facilitate discussion about approaches to manage the related risks

Don't Spread Yourself Too Thin: The Impact of Task Juggling on Workers' Speed of Job Completion

We show that task juggling, i.e., the spreading of effort across too many active projects, decreases the performance of workers, raising the chances of low throughput, long duration of projects and exploding backlogs. Individual speed of job completion cannot be explained only in terms of effort, ability and experience: work scheduling is a crucial "input" that cannot be omitted from the production function of individual workers. We provide a simple theoretical model to study the effects of increased task juggling on the duration of projects. Using a sample of Italian judges we show that those who are induced for exogenous reasons to work in a more parallel fashion on many trials at the same time, take longer to complete similar portfolios of cases. The exogenous variation that identifies this causal effect is constructed exploiting the lottery that assigns cases to judges together with the procedural prescription requiring judges to hold the first hearing of a case no later than 60 days from filing.individual production function, work scheduling, duration of trials

Finding Time: Millennial Parents, Poverty, and Rising Costs

Finding Time determines that more than 1 in 5 Millennial parents is in poverty -- a nearly 40 percent increase since the start of the new millennium -- and looks at the driving forces behind rising poverty among Millennial parents, such as student loan debt, falling wages and the exploding cost of education and childcare. The report also offers valuable policy solutions to make a difference for young parents. These solutions include providing affordable childcare on college campuses, paid leave, and flexible and secure work scheduling

Effect of Work Scheduling on Employee Performance in Private Hospitals in Uasin Gishu County, Kenya

The objective of this paper was to examine the effect of work scheduling on employee performance in Private Hospitals in Uasin-Gishu County, Kenya. A survey research design approach was adopted. The population of the study consisted of all the licensed private hospitals in Uasin-Gishu County, Kenya. However, Out of the total 2,298 permanent employees of 31 private hospitals, a sample of 341 was selected based on Yamane (1967) procedure. The data was collected with an aid of a self administered questionnaire. Data was analyzed through descriptive and inferential statistics. The hypotheses were tested through the entry regression analysis technique. Evidence obtained from the analysis confirmed a positive effect of strong statistically significant positive relationship between work scheduling and employee performance in  selected private hospitals in Uasin-Gishu County,Kenya (p = .001, b = 0.578, t = 22.416, p < .01). This study had limitations; first, the study focused only on one aspect of time management practices “work scheduling” linking it to employee performance. Time management practice dimensions such as work planning, work organization and work goal setting may be studied in the future. Second, the study concentrated on a Kenyan economy, especially the private hospitals which is a developing country, thus the result may vary in other economies. Based on the findings, the study recommends that, private hospitals should consider work scheduling so as to enhance employee performance and overall organization performance. Thus, the study contributes to the inconclusive debate on time management practices as nexus as strategic resource for employee performance. Keywords: “Work Scheduling” “Employee Performance” “Time Management Practices” DOI: 10.7176/JRDM/87-03 Publication date:September 30th 202

Non-standard workweek scheduling technique selection

This thesis presents a description of non-standard work scheduling techniques and a comparison method which enables decision-makers to differentiate between available work-scheduling alternatives with the purpose in mind of selecting the most appropriate and suitable arrangement. The method developed calls for the decision-maker to follow a five-step sequential process to obtain final results. The ingredients necessary to achieve such final results are obtained in a manner similar to that demanded by decision-making-under-uncertainty conditions commonly followed in actual industrial settings. Since the primary objective of business management is the achievement of a profit through the manipulation of available resources, initial sections of the thesis define the term profit from both an economic and a social viewpoint. Further, the executive decision-maker is urged to look upon individual workers and the management of these worker\u27s time as a vital resource factor playing a substantial role in the degree of ultimate profit generated. The presentation then leads to a discussion of forces involved in the maximized use of the time resource, and eventually to a thorough descriptive evaluation of available non-standard work scheduling techniques which in turn provides the basis for the application of a detailed systematic evaluation procedure and method. Those general concepts involved in the systematic analysis of presented alternatives would in most instances be applicable to general decision-making tasks where a number of different and distinct alternatives existed. This type of analysis technique was employed as it was found that the work-scheduling techniques explored were multivariable, i.e. they were not uniformly beneficial when applied under different criteria conditions potentially selectable by the decision-maker. In addition, this technique allows the decision-maker to incorporate personal knowledge and feelings systematically to reach a final decision. Finally, the thesis guides the decision-maker by forthrightly stating that an appropriate decision-choice rule should be employed at the termination of the analysis procedure. As an aid in this regard, various possible decision-choice rules are presented for consideration. Information on work scheduling alternatives was taken from current literature. This information was blended with the author\u27s general knowledge of business operations and management problem-solving methods, supported by Engineering Management reference texts, to form results which delineate a conclusive decision-making means for profitable work-schedule alternative selection

An evaluation of productivity and efficiency in work scheduling in a public works department

“Managers throughout the world frequently associate the meanings of productivity and efficiency with the capabilities and performance of employees. This approach is limited since productivity entails far more than the output of the labor force. The factors affecting productivity need evaluating to determine the significance they plan in the overall process. Industry has attempted to improve its productivity posture by utilizing a multitude of concepts. Some of these concepts are time and motion studies and process planning. However, in the public sector, literature shows that little has been attempted to improve the productivity in public organizations. The greatest portion of a public budget is delegated to the operation of a public works department. Therefore a need exists to bridge the gap between productivity and the operation of a public works department. This thesis presents an evaluation of operation in a public works department. This evaluation reviews, in particular, the operation of a street department. This includes the street department organization, crew performance on standard work projects and the work scheduling they employ. After the review of the street department is completed and the results noted, a work scheduling technique is provided. This method attempts to provide long and short term planning through effective work scheduling”--Abstract, pages ii-iii