24,933 research outputs found
Win-stay lose-shift strategy in formation changes in football
Managerial decision making is likely to be a dominant determinant of
performance of teams in team sports. Here we use Japanese and German football
data to investigate correlates between temporal patterns of formation changes
across matches and match results. We found that individual teams and managers
both showed win-stay lose-shift behavior, a type of reinforcement learning. In
other words, they tended to stick to the current formation after a win and
switch to a different formation after a loss. In addition, formation changes
did not statistically improve the results of succeeding matches.The results
indicate that a swift implementation of a new formation in the win-stay
lose-shift manner may not be a successful managerial rule of thumb.Comment: 7 figures, 11 table
Comparing reactive and memory-one strategies of direct reciprocity
Direct reciprocity is a mechanism for the evolution of cooperation based on
repeated interactions. When individuals meet repeatedly, they can use
conditional strategies to enforce cooperative outcomes that would not be
feasible in one-shot social dilemmas. Direct reciprocity requires that
individuals keep track of their past interactions and find the right response.
However, there are natural bounds on strategic complexity: Humans find it
difficult to remember past interactions accurately, especially over long
timespans. Given these limitations, it is natural to ask how complex strategies
need to be for cooperation to evolve. Here, we study stochastic evolutionary
game dynamics in finite populations to systematically compare the evolutionary
performance of reactive strategies, which only respond to the co-player's
previous move, and memory-one strategies, which take into account the own and
the co-player's previous move. In both cases, we compare deterministic strategy
and stochastic strategy spaces. For reactive strategies and small costs, we
find that stochasticity benefits cooperation, because it allows for
generous-tit-for-tat. For memory one strategies and small costs, we find that
stochasticity does not increase the propensity for cooperation, because the
deterministic rule of win-stay, lose-shift works best. For memory one
strategies and large costs, however, stochasticity can augment cooperation.Comment: 18 pages, 7 figure
The power of the local in sports broadcasting: a cross-cultural analysis of rugby commentary
This article explores how local pressures intersect to produce differing broadcasts in 2 cultural contexts. This is achieved via a cross-cultural analysis of a decade of teleÂŹvised rugby union matches between France and New Zealand and interviews with leading commentators in both countries. The authors argue that although the over-arching commercial imperative to capture audiences might be the same in both counÂŹtries, and despite global tendencies toward homogenized presentation of sports events, there are local differences in expectations about which kinds of audiences should be captured, and these lead to different practices and emphases in the live broadcasts. The authors suggest that in each country, broadcasts are the result of a complex set of pressures that interact to produce broadcasts with âlocalâ flavor and characteristics
Sports, Inc. Volume 3, Issue 1
The ILR Cornell Sports Business Society magazine is a semester publication titled Sports, Inc. This publication serves as a space for our membership to publish and feature in-depth research and well-thought out ideas to advance the world of sport. The magazine can be found in the Office of Student Services and is distributed to alumni who come visit us on campus. Issues are reproduced here with permission of the ILR Cornell Sports Business Society.https://digitalcommons.ilr.cornell.edu/sportsinc/1003/thumbnail.jp
Spartan Daily, November 12, 1980
Volume 75, Issue 52https://scholarworks.sjsu.edu/spartandaily/6688/thumbnail.jp
Cultural evolution of football tactics: strategic social learning in managersâ choice of formation
This is the final version. Available from the publisher via the DOI in this recoAll data and analysis scripts are openly available at https://github.com/amesoudi/footballIn order to adaptively solve complex problems or make difficult decisions, people must strategically combine
personal information acquired directly from experience (individual learning) and social information acquired
from others (social learning). The game of football (soccer) provides extensive real world data with which to
quantify this strategic information use. I analyse a 5-year dataset of all games (n = 9127, 2012â2017) in five
top European leagues to quantify the extent to which a managerâs initial formation is guided by their personal past use or success with that formation, or other managersâ use or success with that formation. I focus
on the 4231 formation, the dominant formation during this period. As predicted, a managerâs choice of
whether to use 4231 is influenced by both their recent use of 4231 (personal information) and the use of
4231 in the entire population of managers in that division (social information). Against expectations,
managers relied more on personal than social information, although this estimate was highly variable across
managers and divisions. Finally, there did not appear to be an adaptive tradeoff between social and personal
information use, with the relative reliance on each failing to predict managerial success
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