214 research outputs found

    The Public Performance Of Sanctions In Insolvency Cases: The Dark, Humiliating, And Ridiculous Side Of The Law Of Debt In The Italian Experience. A Historical Overview Of Shaming Practices

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    This study provides a diachronic comparative overview of how the law of debt has been applied by certain institutions in Italy. Specifically, it offers historical and comparative insights into the public performance of sanctions for insolvency through shaming and customary practices in Roman Imperial Law, in the Middle Ages, and in later periods. The first part of the essay focuses on the Roman bonorum cessio culo nudo super lapidem and on the medieval customary institution called pietra della vergogna (stone of shame), which originates from the Roman model. The second part of the essay analyzes the social function of the zecca and the pittima Veneziana during the Republic of Venice, and of the practice of lu soldate a castighe (no translation is possible). The author uses a functionalist approach to apply some arguments and concepts from the current context to this historical analysis of ancient institutions that we would now consider ridiculous. The article shows that the customary norms that play a crucial regulatory role in online interactions today can also be applied to the public square in the past. One of these tools is shaming. As is the case in contemporary online settings, in the public square in historic periods, shaming practices were used to enforce the rules of civility in a given community. Such practices can be seen as virtuous when they are intended for use as a tool to pursue positive change in forces entrenched in the culture, and thus to address social wrongs considered outside the reach of the law, or to address human rights abuses

    STRENGTHENING ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN MILLENNIALS FOR INDONESIAN COMPETITIVENESS IN THE ASIA REGION

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    Various obstacles hindering the movement of various resources and economic activities such as tariff and non-tariff policies have begun to be eliminated. Consequently, the level of competition in the ASEAN region will get more intense. The question is whether Indonesia is ready to face the millennial era. Indonesia’s entrepreneurial culture that is not yet strong is feared to affect the country’s ability to tap into the enormous potential of its domestic market. This is a reminder that in the millennial era, the penetration of foreign products into the domestic market will be even more massive. To strengthen the nation’s competitiveness, the Indonesian government must encourage entrepreneurship to grow into a new culture in the lives of the people. This can be done by involving educational institutions ranging from the basic level to higher education, increasing the research and development budget, and promoting entrepreneurship training. Keywords: Competitiveness, ASIA Economic Community, Entrepreneurial Cultur

    Indigenous girls and education in a changing colonial society : the Dutch East Indies, c. 1880-1942

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    Defence date: 28 October 2019Examining Board: Prof. Corinna Unger, European University Institute (Supervisor); Prof. Laura Lee Downs, European University Institute; Prof. Rebecca Rogers, UniversitĂ© Paris Descartes; Dr. Alicia Schrikker, Leiden UniversitySo far, the history of Indonesian girls’ education in the colonial period has mainly been explored by historians who have focused on governmental policies, and by those interested in theories of emancipation and modernity. This has often resulted in narratives about education as either a pathway to anticolonial activism and the birth of the Indonesian nation state, or as a gateway to ‘modernity’ and women’s emancipation. This thesis, by contrast, argues that a focus on girls’ education can help us to shift the perspective away from such teleological frameworks. This research project reconsiders the topic of girls’ education by taking the diversity of the late-colonial Dutch East Indies as its starting point. In doing so, the thesis integrates four widely diverging regions – the sultanate of Yogyakarta, West Sumatra, Flores and Minahasa – in one comparative framework. This allows for a kaleidoscopic view on girls’ schooling from modernist Islamic initiatives to nationalist organizations and Christian missionary schools. The comparative framework enables an interrogation of the importance of local factors, while also doing justice to broader societal developments, such as the growing popular support for nationalist movements and the increasing labour market participation of Indonesian women. While the importance of the new colonial ideology represented by the early-twentieth-century ‘ethical policy’ should not be underestimated, this research supports the argument that this policy was far from the only driving force behind developments in female education. Throughout the chapters, the strikingly diverse and highly gendered educational landscape of the Dutch East Indies is moved into two recently developed historiographical fields. In the first place, following the approach of colonial childhood studies, there is a continuous attempt to explore the historical experiences of indigenous girls themselves. This allows for a glimpse of girls’ own agency and the historical subjectivity of a group that, in historiography, is usually framed as the ‘object’ of colonial civilizing missions. In the second place, this thesis precisely reconsiders the idea of colonial education as being driven by civilizing missions. Most importantly, the thesis argues that in most cases, their schooling encouraged indigenous girls to become agents of gendered civilizing missions in the context of a colonial society in flux.Chapter 2 ‘From indigenous girls to exemplary housewives? Education and domesticity in Christian schools for girls, c. 1880-1920' of the PhD thesis draws upon an earlier version published as an article 'Giving for girls : reconsidering colonial civilizing missions in the Dutch East Indies through charitable girls' education' (2018) in the journal ‘New global studies’Chapter 2 ‘From indigenous girls to exemplary housewives?' and Chapter 4 'Changing times. Indonesian girls, secondary education and the teaching profession, c. 1920-1942' of the PhD thesis draws upon an earlier version published as an article 'An alternative family : an elite christian girls’ school on Java in a context of social change, c. 1907-1939' (2020) in the journal ‘BMGN : low countries historical review

    A Design Science Research Approach to Architecting and Developing Information Systems for Collaborative Manufacturing : A Case for Human-Robot Collaboration

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    Konseptointi- ja suunnitteluvaiheessa sekĂ€ valmistuksen, kĂ€ytön ja kehitysprosessin aikana syntyy tietoa, jonka hyödyntĂ€misessĂ€ on valtavaa potentiaalia liike-elĂ€mĂ€n ja tuotantoprosessien muuttamiseen. NeljĂ€nnen teollisen vallankumouksen ytimessĂ€ oleva digitaalinen muutos tunnistaa tĂ€mĂ€n painottaen erityisesti tĂ€mĂ€n tiedon yhdistĂ€mistĂ€ toimintojen ja jĂ€rjestelmien tukemiseksi lĂ€pi tuotteen elinkaareen, mitĂ€ kutsutaan digitaaliseksi sĂ€ikeen kehykseksi (digital thread framework). TĂ€mĂ€n vĂ€itöskirjan tavoitteena on kehittÀÀ ja kĂ€yttÀÀ yhtĂ€ tĂ€llaista viitekehystĂ€ ihmisen ja robotin yhteistoiminnan asiayhteydessĂ€. TĂ€mĂ€ kehys pyrkii vastaamaan merkittĂ€vÀÀn ongelmaan, joka liittyy mukautuvuuden ja joustavuuden abstrakteihin ominaisuuksiin. Nykyiset ihmisen ja robotin yhteistyöjĂ€rjestelmĂ€t (human-robot collaboration (HRC)) on rakennettu pÀÀasiassa pysyviksi jĂ€rjestelmiksi, jotka sivuuttavat ihmisten intuitiivisen toiminnan asettamalla heidĂ€n roolinsa yhteistyötehtĂ€vissĂ€ etukĂ€teen mÀÀritellyiksi. LisĂ€ksi jĂ€rjestelmien kyky vaihtaa tuotteesta toiseen on rajoittunutta. TĂ€mĂ€ on erityisen ongelmallista nykyisellĂ€ laajan tuotevalikoiman aikakaudella, joka johtuu asiakkaiden rÀÀtĂ€löidyistĂ€ vaatimuksista. TĂ€hĂ€n taustaan vastaten, tĂ€mĂ€ vĂ€itöskirja kĂ€yttÀÀ design science research methodology -menetelmÀÀ suunnitellakseen, kehittÀÀkseen ja ottaakseen kĂ€yttöön kolme pÀÀasiallista artefaktia ihmisen ja robotin yhteistyösolussa laboratorioympĂ€ristössĂ€. EnsimmĂ€inen on digitaalisen sĂ€ikeen kehys (digital thread framework), joka integroi tuotesuunnitteluympĂ€ristön toimijaksi monitoimijajĂ€rjestelmÀÀn kĂ€yttĂ€en uusimpia tietoon perustuvia suunnittelujĂ€rjestelmiĂ€, mikĂ€ tarjoaa prosessin toimijoille pÀÀsyn tuotesuunnittelumalleihin reaaliajassa. Toinen on lisĂ€tyn todellisuuden malli, joka tarjoaa rajapinnan kokoonpanotehtĂ€vĂ€ssĂ€ yhteistyöhön osallistuvan ihmisoperaattorin ja edellĂ€ mainitun kehyksen vĂ€lille. Kolmas on tukitietomalli, jota yhteistyötĂ€ tekevĂ€t toimijat kĂ€yttĂ€vĂ€t tietopohjanaan tĂ€yttÀÀkseen yhteistyössĂ€ tapahtuvan kokoonpanon tavoitteet mukautuvasti. NĂ€itĂ€ kehitettyjĂ€ artefakteja kĂ€ytettiin kokonaisuutena tapaustutkimuksissa, jotka liittyivĂ€t aidon dieselmoottorin kokoonpanoon, ja joissa todennettiin niiden hyödyllisyys ja ettĂ€ ne lisÀÀvĂ€t joustavuutta, jota varten kehys (framework) suunniteltiin. Rajauslaatikoiden nĂ€yttĂ€minen skaalautuvana informaationa, joka hahmottaa alikokoonpanon osien geometriaa, demostroi kehitettyjen artefaktien kĂ€ytettĂ€vyyttĂ€ yhteistyötĂ€ tekevien toimijoiden aikomuksia heijastavien laajennetun todellisuuden projektioiden tuottamiseksi. Yhteenvetona tĂ€mĂ€n vĂ€itöskirjan tuloksena syntyi lĂ€hestymistapa Ă€lykkÀÀn ja mukautuvan robotiikan toteuttamiseksi hyödyntĂ€en tietovirtoja ja mallinnusta ihmisen ja robotin yhteistoiminnan kontekstissa. Teollisuuden raportoima Ă€lykkÀÀsti mukautuvien HRC-jĂ€rjestelmien puute taas toimi osaltaan motivaationa tĂ€hĂ€n vĂ€itöskirjassa tehtyyn työhön. Kun tulevaisuuden tuotteet ja tuotantojĂ€rjestelmĂ€t muuttuvat monimutkaisemmiksi, tietojĂ€rjestelmiltĂ€ odotetaan suurempaa vastuuta korvaamaan ihmisen työmuistin luontaiset rajat ja mahdollistamaan siirtyminen kohti ihmiskeskeistĂ€ valmistusta, joihin viitataan termeillĂ€ Operator 4.0 ja Industry 5.0. NĂ€in ollen on odotettavissa, ettĂ€ tietojĂ€rjestelmien tutkimus, kuten tĂ€mĂ€ vĂ€itöskirja, voi auttaa ottamaan merkittĂ€viĂ€ askeleita tĂ€hĂ€n suuntaan.Information generated from the conceptualization, design, manufacturing, and use of a product has immense potential in transforming both the business and manufacturing processes of the manufacturing enterprise. The digital transformation at the heart of the fourth industrial revolution has acknowledged this with a special emphasis on weaving a thread of this information to support functions and systems throughout the life cycle of the product with what is known as a digital thread framework. This dissertation aims to develop and use one such framework in the context of human-robot collaborative assembly. The overarching problem that the framework aims to solve can be attributed to the abstract qualities of adaptability and ïŹ‚exibility. The human-robot collaboration (HRC) systems of today are built predominantly as static systems and ignore the intuitive role of humans by having their roles in collaborative tasks pre-deïŹned. Furthermore, their ability to switch between products during product changeovers is also limited. This is especially problematic in the current era of product variety, stemming from the customised requirements of customers. To this end, this dissertation employs the design science research methodology to design, develop, and deploy predominantly three artefacts in a human-robot work cell in a laboratory setting. The ïŹrst is the digital thread framework that integrates the product design environment using state-of-the-art knowledge-based engineering systems, as an agent of a multi-agent system, which provide the collaborative human-robot agents with access to product design models at run time. The second is a constituent mixed-reality model that provides an interface for the foregoing framework for the human operator engaged in collaborative assembly. The third is a supporting information model that the agents use as their knowledge base to fulïŹl adaptively the goals of collaborative assembly. Together, these developed artefacts were employed in case studies involving a real diesel engine assembly during which they were observed to provide utility and support the cause of adaptability for which the framework was designed. The identiïŹcation of bounding boxes as a scalable information construct, that approximates the part geometry of the sub-assembly components, demonstrates the utility of the developed artefacts for spatially augmenting them as projections as intentions of collaborating agents. In summary, this dissertation contributes with an approach towards realising intelligent and adaptive robotics within the realms of information ïŹ‚ows and modelling in the context of human-robot collaboration. The lack of intelligently adaptable HRC systems reported by the industry in part motivated the work undertaken in this dissertation. As future products and production systems become more complex, information systems are expected to assume greater responsibility to compensate for the inherent limits of the human working memory and enable transition towards a human-centred manufacturing, the current likes of which are labelled as Operator 4.0 and Industry 5.0. Thus, the expectation is that information systems research, such as this dissertation, can help take signiïŹcant strides forward in this direction

    Evaluating the Tax Compliance Costs of Small and Medium Enterprises Operated by Individuals under Alternative Enterprise Tax Regimes in Indonesia

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    This study investigates the tax compliance costs of small and medium enterprises operated by individuals (individual SMEs) in Indonesia. It estimates and compares these costs under two different tax regimes operated in Indonesia: a presumptive tax regime that applies a single, final tax rate on annual turnover; and the regime that applies a more conventional, progressive tax rate schedule on calculated taxable income. The estimation and comparison involve all components of tax compliance costs, including explicit, implicit, and psychological costs. The research is motivated by two main considerations. First, it focuses on individual SMEs because personal income taxpayers are by far the largest group of all taxpayers in Indonesia (91 per cent in 2018; see (DGT, 2019a)) and the contribution of SMEs is significant for Indonesia’s Gross Domestic Product (63 per cent in 2018; see (Indonesia, 2019)). Secondly, despite their obvious importance, and despite significant research that has been conducted in many parts of the world (Alm, 2019, p. 32), the issue of tax compliance costs borne by individual SMEs in Indonesia has remained a relatively unexplored topic. Moreover, research into the psychological costs of tax compliance and research comparing the compliance costs of two different tax regimes in the same tax system has in each case been particularly limited. Thus, this study proposes a systematic analysis to address a series of research questions related to these under-explored areas relating to the tax compliance costs of individual SMEs in Indonesia. By applying a mixed-modes research method, the study not only reveals the average costs to comply for each taxpayer under different tax regimes, but also identifies the significance of the total costs and the potential drivers of those costs. In addition, further analysis provides a novel understanding of aspects of tax compliance costs by showing how the components of the costs interact with each other. Finally, the findings may be useful for policymakers in Indonesia given that the presumptive tax regime will cease to exist in 2025

    The extent of Kuwaiti Islamic banks restrict the use of Islamic financing tools in their financial operations: a field study

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    This research aims to identify the extent to of Kuwaiti Islamic banks adhere to the use of Islamic financing tools in their financial operations. The study population consists of all (5) banks listed on the Kuwait Stock Exchange. As for the study sample, (100) respondents were selected from Financial managers, accountants, and workers in finance and investment departments work in these banks. The questionnaire was used as a tool for collecting primary data. The results showed that Kuwaiti Islamic banks adhere to the use of Islamic financing tools represented in Murabaha, Musharaka and Mudaraba in their financial operations to a high degree. The study recommended that Kuwaiti Islamic banks should be encouraged to play a more role in Murabaha operations and find appropriate solutions to technical obstacles and culture-related procedures that prevent the provision of Islamic financing through Murabaha

    Objection my Lord: legal practice demystified

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    Having received a brief of the client’s case, and identified legal issues. You should develop a Checklist to enable you pick necessary legal information you would need to advise the client and also in case of court action, sufficient information to support the action and also the mode of Commencement. In developing one you can be guided by the Substantive legislation on the matter, case law and even the CPR for example Check list No Standard template Make sure it covers the details of the workshop question There and general things in the personal details 0.7. 1 is also a guiding factor

    Assuming Data Integrity and Empirical Evidence to The Contrary

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    Background: Not all respondents to surveys apply their minds or understand the posed questions, and as such provide answers which lack coherence, and this threatens the integrity of the research. Casual inspection and limited research of the 10-item Big Five Inventory (BFI-10), included in the dataset of the World Values Survey (WVS), suggested that random responses may be common. Objective: To specify the percentage of cases in the BRI-10 which include incoherent or contradictory responses and to test the extent to which the removal of these cases will improve the quality of the dataset. Method: The WVS data on the BFI-10, measuring the Big Five Personality (B5P), in South Africa (N=3 531), was used. Incoherent or contradictory responses were removed. Then the cases from the cleaned-up dataset were analysed for their theoretical validity. Results: Only 1 612 (45.7%) cases were identified as not including incoherent or contradictory responses. The cleaned-up data did not mirror the B5P- structure, as was envisaged. The test for common method bias was negative. Conclusion: In most cases the responses were incoherent. Cleaning up the data did not improve the psychometric properties of the BFI-10. This raises concerns about the quality of the WVS data, the BFI-10, and the universality of B5P-theory. Given these results, it would be unwise to use the BFI-10 in South Africa. Researchers are alerted to do a proper assessment of the psychometric properties of instruments before they use it, particularly in a cross-cultural setting

    High Performance Embedded Computing

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    Nowadays, the prevalence of computing systems in our lives is so ubiquitous that we live in a cyber-physical world dominated by computer systems, from pacemakers to cars and airplanes. These systems demand for more computational performance to process large amounts of data from multiple data sources with guaranteed processing times. Actuating outside of the required timing bounds may cause the failure of the system, being vital for systems like planes, cars, business monitoring, e-trading, etc. High-Performance and Time-Predictable Embedded Computing presents recent advances in software architecture and tools to support such complex systems, enabling the design of embedded computing devices which are able to deliver high-performance whilst guaranteeing the application required timing bounds. Technical topics discussed in the book include: Parallel embedded platforms Programming models Mapping and scheduling of parallel computations Timing and schedulability analysis Runtimes and operating systemsThe work reflected in this book was done in the scope of the European project P SOCRATES, funded under the FP7 framework program of the European Commission. High-performance and time-predictable embedded computing is ideal for personnel in computer/communication/embedded industries as well as academic staff and master/research students in computer science, embedded systems, cyber-physical systems and internet-of-things
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