Ring oscillator clocks and margins

How much margin do we have to add to the delay lines of a bundled-data circuit? This paper is an attempt to give a methodical answer to this question, taking into account all sources of variability and the existing EDA machinery for timing analysis and sign-off. The paper is based on the study of the margins of a ring oscillator that substitutes a PLL as clock generator. A timing model is proposed that shows that a 12% margin for delay lines can be sufficient to cover variability in a 65nm technology. In a typical scenario, performance and energy improvements between 15% and 35% can be obtained by using a ring oscillator instead of a PLL. The paper concludes that a synchronous circuit with a ring oscillator clock shows similar benefits in performance and energy as those of bundled-data asynchronous circuits.Peer ReviewedPostprint (author's final draft

An Electro - Optical Test System for Optimising Operating Conditions of CCD sensors for LSST

We describe the commissioning of a system which has been built to investigate optimal operation of CCDs for the LSST telescope. The test system is designed for low vibration, high stability operation and is capable of illuminating a detector in flat-field, projected spot, projected pattern and Fe-55 configurations. We compare and describe some considerations when choosing a gain calibration method for CCDs which exhibit the brighter-fatter effect. An optimisation study on a prototype device of gain and full well with varying back substrate bias and gate clock levels is presented

Adaptive clock with useful jitter

Report - Departament Ciències de la ComputacióThe growing variability in nanoelectronic devices due to uncertainties from the manufacturing process and environmental conditions (power supply, temperature, aging) requires increasing design guardbands, forcing circuits to work with conservative clock frequencies. Various schemes for clock generation based on ring oscillators have been proposed with the goal to mitigate the power and performance losses attributable to variability. However, there has been no systematic analysis to quantify the benefits of such schemes.This paper presents and analyzes an Adaptive Clocking scheme with Useful Jitter (ACUJ) that uses variability as an opportunity to reduce power by adapting the clock frequency to the varying environmental conditions and, thus, reducing guardband margins significantly. Power can be reduced between 20% and 40% at iso-performance and performance can be boosted by similar amounts at iso-power. Additionally, energy savings can be translated to substantial advantages in terms of reliability and thermal management. More importantly, the technology can be adopted with minimal modifications to conventional EDA flows.Postprint (published version