6,095 research outputs found
New Light on Molecular and Materials Complexity: 4D Electron Imaging
In this Perspective, 4D electron imaging is highlighted, after introducing some concepts, with an overview of selected applications that span chemical reactions, molecular interfaces, phase transitions, and nano(micro)mechanical systems. With the added dimension of time in microscopy, diffraction, and electron-energy-loss spectroscopy, the focus is on direct visualization of structural dynamics with atomic and nanoscale resolution in the four dimensions of space and time. This contribution provides an expose of emerging developments and an outlook on future applications in materials and biological sciences
Understanding Homogeneous Nucleation in Solidification of Aluminum by Molecular Dynamics Simulations
Homogeneous nucleation from aluminum (Al) melt was investigated by
million-atom molecular dynamics (MD) simulations utilizing the second nearest
neighbor modified embedded atom method (MEAM) potentials. The natural
spontaneous homogenous nucleation from the Al melt was produced without any
influence of pressure, free surface effects and impurities. Initially
isothermal crystal nucleation from undercooled melt was studied at different
constant temperatures, and later superheated Al melt was quenched with
different cooling rates. The crystal structure of nuclei, critical nucleus
size, critical temperature for homogenous nucleation, induction time, and
nucleation rate were determined. The quenching simulations clearly revealed
three temperature regimes: sub-critical nucleation, super-critical nucleation,
and solid-state grain growth regimes. The main crystalline phase was identified
as face-centered cubic (fcc), but a hexagonal close-packed (hcp) and an
amorphous solid phase were also detected. The hcp phase was created due to the
formation of stacking faults during solidification of Al melt. By slowing down
the cooling rate, the volume fraction of hcp and amorphous phases decreased.
After the box was completely solid, grain growth was simulated and the grain
growth exponent was determined for different annealing temperatures.Comment: 41 page
Macromolecular structural dynamics visualized by pulsed dose control in 4D electron microscopy
Macromolecular conformation dynamics, which span a wide range of time scales, are fundamental to the understanding of properties and functions of their structures. Here, we report direct imaging of structural dynamics of helical macromolecules over the time scales of conformational dynamics (ns to subsecond) by means of four-dimensional (4D) electron microscopy in the single-pulse and stroboscopic modes. With temporally controlled electron dosage, both diffraction and real-space images are obtained without irreversible radiation damage. In this way, the order-disorder transition is revealed for the organic chain polymer. Through a series of equilibrium-temperature and temperature-jump dependencies, it is shown that the metastable structures and entropy of conformations can be mapped in the nonequilibrium region of a âfunnel-likeâ free-energy landscape. The T-jump is introduced through a substrate (a âhot plateâ type arrangement) because only the substrate is made to absorb the pulsed energy. These results illustrate the promise of ultrafast 4D imaging for other applications in the study of polymer physics as well as in the visualization of biological phenomena
TRANSLATING CHEMISTRY, STRUCTURE, AND PROCESSING TO THE SOLID-STATE MORPHOLOGY AND FUNCTION OF ORGANIC SEMICONDUCTORS THROUGH COMPUTATIONAL MODELING AND SIMULATIONS
The immense synthetic design space and material versatility have driven the exploration and development of organic semiconductors (OSC) over several decades. While many OSC designs focus on the chemistries of the molecular or polymer building blocks, a priori, multiscale control over the solid-state morphology is required for effective application of the active layer in a given technology. However, molecular assembly during solid-state formation is a complex function interconnecting the building block chemistry and the processing environment. Insufficient knowledge as to how these aspects engage, especially at the atomistic and molecular scales, has so far limited the ability to predict OSC solid-state morphology, leaving Edisonian approaches as the stalwart methods. Therefore, through multiscale simulations combining atomistic quantum scale modeling and state-of-the-art molecular dynamics (MD) techniques, we aim to establish first principles understanding required to synthetically regulate solid-state morphology of organic semiconductors (OSC) as a function of molecular chemistry and processing. In turn, we try to understand the deceivingly simple yet complex mechanisms behind molecular aggregation and crystallization of OSC. Simultaneously, we develop semi-to-fully automated high-throughput schemes to automate the complex and labor-intensive analyses to generate data based on various crystal structures in different crystallization environments. Ultimately, we aim to bridge molecular-scale information revealed on solid-state physical organization, understood in the context of chromophore chemistry and the molecular environment, with the macro scale properties to uncover useful guidelines for rational design and morphology regulation of OSC systems
The effect of chain stiffness on the phase behaviour of isolated homopolymers
We have studied the thermodynamics of isolated homopolymer chains of varying
stiffness using a lattice model. A complex phase behaviour is found; phases
include chain-folded `crystalline' structures, the disordered globule and the
coil. It is found, in agreement with recent theoretical calculations, that the
temperature at which the solid-globule transition occurs increases with chain
stiffness, whilst the -point has only a weak dependence on stiffness.
Therefore, for sufficiently stiff chains there is no globular phase and the
polymer passes directly from the solid to the coil. This effect is analogous to
the disappearance of the liquid phase observed for simple atomic systems as the
range of the potential is decreased.Comment: 10 pages, 10 figures, revte
Phase-field-crystal models for condensed matter dynamics on atomic length and diffusive time scales: an overview
Here, we review the basic concepts and applications of the
phase-field-crystal (PFC) method, which is one of the latest simulation
methodologies in materials science for problems, where atomic- and microscales
are tightly coupled. The PFC method operates on atomic length and diffusive
time scales, and thus constitutes a computationally efficient alternative to
molecular simulation methods. Its intense development in materials science
started fairly recently following the work by Elder et al. [Phys. Rev. Lett. 88
(2002), p. 245701]. Since these initial studies, dynamical density functional
theory and thermodynamic concepts have been linked to the PFC approach to serve
as further theoretical fundaments for the latter. In this review, we summarize
these methodological development steps as well as the most important
applications of the PFC method with a special focus on the interaction of
development steps taken in hard and soft matter physics, respectively. Doing
so, we hope to present today's state of the art in PFC modelling as well as the
potential, which might still arise from this method in physics and materials
science in the nearby future.Comment: 95 pages, 48 figure
Structure identification methods for atomistic simulations of crystalline materials
We discuss existing and new computational analysis techniques to classify
local atomic arrangements in large-scale atomistic computer simulations of
crystalline solids. This article includes a performance comparison of typical
analysis algorithms such as Common Neighbor Analysis, Centrosymmetry Analysis,
Bond Angle Analysis, Bond Order Analysis, and Voronoi Analysis. In addition we
propose a simple extension to the Common Neighbor Analysis method that makes it
suitable for multi-phase systems. Finally, we introduce a new structure
identification algorithm, the Neighbor Distance Analysis, that is designed to
identify atomic structure units in grain boundaries
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