Access point deployment optimisation in communication-based train control systems

Through the use of new communication-based train control (CBTC) systems, modern metro railways have been able to provide a more efficient, more reliable and more eco-friendly transport services. The main advantages of the CBTC systems are achieved by utilising modern communication technologies. The performance of the communications network is dependent on a well-designed access point (AP) deployment, as this determines the overall communication capability and impacts the cost. In this thesis, a systematic methodology is proposed for formulating and solving AP deployment planning (ADP) problems in two scenarios: (i) a tunnel section area; and (ii) a real-world metro system. Different mathematical models are presented for modelling the ADP problem in these two scenarios. In addition to mathematical models, an exhaustive search and a customized search algorithm, which uses a multi-objective evolutionary algorithm based on decomposition (MOEA/D), are proposed for solving the ADP optimisation problems. The methodologies are applied to the scenarios mentioned above. To evaluate the optimisation results, the optimised AP deployments are tested on a simulation platform integrating a railway network simulator and a communication network simulator. The test result shows that with the optimised AP deployments the DCS can achieve a better performance while using fewer APs

Investigation of Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) Communication for Autonomous Control of Connected Vehicles

Autonomous Driving Vehicles (ADVs) has received considerable attention in recent years by academia and industry, bringing about a paradigm shift in Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS), where vehicles operate in close proximity through wireless communication. It is envisioned as a promising technology for realising efficient and intelligent transportation systems, with potential applications for civilian and military purposes. Vehicular network management for ADVs is challenging as it demands mobility, location awareness, high reliability, and low latency data traffic. This research aims to develop and implement vehicular communication in conjunction with a driving algorithm for ADVs feedback control system with a specific focus on the safe displacement of vehicle platoon while sensing the surrounding environment, such as detecting road signs and communicate with other road users such as pedestrian, motorbikes, non-motorised vehicles and infrastructure. However, in order to do so, one must investigate crucial aspects related to the available technology, such as driving behaviour, low latency communication requirement, communication standards, and the reliability of such a mechanism to decrease the number of traffic accidents and casualties significantly. To understand the behaviour of wireless communication compared to the theoretical data rates, throughput, and roaming behaviour in a congested indoor line-of-sight heterogeneous environment, we first carried out an experimental study for IEEE 802.11a, 802.11n and 802.11ac standards in a 5 GHz frequency spectrum. We validated the results with an analytical path loss model as it is essential to understand how the client device roams or decides to roam from one Access Point to another and vice-versa. We observed seamless roaming between the tested protocols irrespective of their operational environment (indoor or outdoor); their throughput efficiency and data rate were also improved by 8-12% when configured with Short Guard Interval (SGI) of 400ns compared to the theoretical specification of the tested protocols. Moreover, we also investigated the Software-Defined Networking (SDN) for vehicular communication and compared it with the traditional network, which is generally incorporated vertically where control and data planes are bundled collectively. The SDN helped gain more flexibility to support multiple core networks for vehicular communication and tackle the potential challenges of network scalability for vehicular applications raised by the ADVs. In particular, we demonstrate that the SDN improves throughput efficiency by 4% compared to the traditional network while ensuring efficient bandwidth and resource management. Finally, we proposed a novel data-driven coordination model which incorporates Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) communication and Intelligent Driver Model (IDM), together called V2X Enabled Intelligent Driver Model (VX-IDM). Our model incorporates a Car-Following Model (CFM), i.e., IDM, to model a vehicle platoon in an urban and highway traffic scenario while ensuring the vehicle platoon's safety with the integration of IEEE 802.11p Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (V2I) communication scheme. The model integrates the 802.11p V2I communication channel with the IDM in MATLAB using ODE‐45 and utilises the 802.11p simulation toolbox for configuring vehicular channels. To demonstrate model functionality in urban and highway traffic environments, we developed six case studies. We also addressed the heterogeneity issue of wireless networks to improve the overall network reliability and efficiency by estimating the Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) parameters for the platoon vehicle's displacement and location on the road from Road-Side-Units (RSUs). The simulation results showed that inter-vehicle spacing could be steadily maintained at a minimum safe value at all the time. Moreover, the model has a fault-tolerant mechanism that works even when communication with infrastructure is interrupted or unavailable, making the VX-IDM model collision-free

Channel estimation, synchronisation and contention resolution in wireless communication networks

In the past decade, the number of wireless communications users is increasing at an unprecedented rate. However, limited radio resources must accommodate the increasing number of users. Hence, the efficient use of radio spectrum is a critical issue that needs to be addressed. In order to improve the spectral efficiency for the wireless communication networks, we investigate two promising technologies, the relaying and the multiple access schemes. In the physical (PHY) layer of the open systems interconnect (OSI) model, the relaying schemes are capable to improve the transmission reliability and expand transmission coverage via cooperative communications by using relay nodes. Hence, the two-way relay network (TWRN), a cooperative communications network, is investigated in the first part of the thesis. In the media access control (MAC) layer of the OSI model, the multiple access schemes are able to schedule multiple transmissions by efficiently allocating limited radio resources. As a result, the contention-based multiple access schemes for contention resolution are explored in the second part of the thesis. In the first part of the thesis, the channel estimation for the two-way relay networks (TWRNs) is investigated. Firstly, the channel estimation issue is considered under the assumption of the perfect synchronisation. Then, the channel estimation is conducted, by relaxing the assumption of perfect synchronisation. Another challenge facing the wireless communication systems is the contention and interference due to multiple transmissions from multiple nodes, sharing the common communication medium. To improve the spectral efficiency in the media access control layer, a self-adaptive backoff (SAB) algorithm is proposed to resolve contention in the contention-based multiple access networks

Channel estimation, synchronisation and contention resolution in wireless communication networks

In the past decade, the number of wireless communications users is increasing at an unprecedented rate. However, limited radio resources must accommodate the increasing number of users. Hence, the efficient use of radio spectrum is a critical issue that needs to be addressed. In order to improve the spectral efficiency for the wireless communication networks, we investigate two promising technologies, the relaying and the multiple access schemes. In the physical (PHY) layer of the open systems interconnect (OSI) model, the relaying schemes are capable to improve the transmission reliability and expand transmission coverage via cooperative communications by using relay nodes. Hence, the two-way relay network (TWRN), a cooperative communications network, is investigated in the first part of the thesis. In the media access control (MAC) layer of the OSI model, the multiple access schemes are able to schedule multiple transmissions by efficiently allocating limited radio resources. As a result, the contention-based multiple access schemes for contention resolution are explored in the second part of the thesis. In the first part of the thesis, the channel estimation for the two-way relay networks (TWRNs) is investigated. Firstly, the channel estimation issue is considered under the assumption of the perfect synchronisation. Then, the channel estimation is conducted, by relaxing the assumption of perfect synchronisation. Another challenge facing the wireless communication systems is the contention and interference due to multiple transmissions from multiple nodes, sharing the common communication medium. To improve the spectral efficiency in the media access control layer, a self-adaptive backoff (SAB) algorithm is proposed to resolve contention in the contention-based multiple access networks

Radio network management in cognitive LTE-Femtocell Systems

This thesis was submitted for the award of Doctor of Philosophy and was awarded by Brunel University London.There is a strong uptake of femtocell deployment as small cell application platforms in the upcoming LTE networks. In such two-tier networks of LTEfemtocell base stations, a large portion of the assigned spectrum is used sporadically leading to underutilisation of valuable frequency resources. Novel spectrum access techniques are necessary to solve these current spectrum inefficiency problems. Therefore, spectrum management solutions should have the features to improve spectrum access in both temporal and spatial manner. Cognitive Radio (CR) with the Dynamic Spectrum Access (DSA) is considered to be the key technology in this research in order to increase the spectrum efficiency. This is an effective solution to allow a group of Secondary Users (SUs) to share the radio spectrum initially allocated to the Primary User (PUs) at no interference. The core aim of this thesis is to develop new cognitive LTE-femtocell systems that offer a 4G vision, to facilitate the radio network management in order to increase the network capacity and further improve spectrum access probabilities. In this thesis, a new spectrum management model for cognitive radio networks is considered to enable a seamless integration of multi-access technology with existing networks. This involves the design of efficient resource allocation algorithms that are able to respond to the rapid changes in the dynamic wireless environment and primary users activities. Throughout this thesis a variety of network upgraded functions are developed using application simulation scenarios. Therefore, the proposed algorithms, mechanisms, methods, and system models are not restricted in the considered networks, but rather have a wider applicability to be used in other technologies. This thesis mainly investigates three aspects of research issues relating to the efficient management of cognitive networks: First, novel spectrum resource management modules are proposed to maximise the spectrum access by rapidly detecting the available transmission opportunities. Secondly, a developed pilot power controlling algorithm is introduced to minimise the power consumption by considering mobile position and application requirements. Also, there is investigation on the impact of deploying different numbers of femtocell base stations in LTE domain to identify the optimum cell size for future networks. Finally, a novel call admission control mechanism for mobility management is proposed to support seamless handover between LTE and femtocell domains. This is performed by assigning high speed mobile users to the LTE system to avoid unnecessary handovers. The proposed solutions were examined by simulation and numerical analysis to show the strength of cognitive femtocell deployment for the required applications. The results show that the new system design based on cognitive radio configuration enable an efficient resource management in terms of spectrum allocation, adaptive pilot power control, and mobile handover. The proposed framework and algorithms offer a novel spectrum management for self organised LTE-femtocell architecture. Eventually, this research shows that certain architectures fulfilling spectrum management requirements are implementable in practice and display good performance in dynamic wireless environments which recommends the consideration of CR systems in LTE and femtocell networks

Pilot patterns and power loading in NC-OFDM cognitive radios

Includes abstract.Includes bibliographical references.The implementation of cognitive radios is widely proposed through the use of Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) modulation. In the special case of cognitive radios however, the OFDM modulation scheme cannot simply be implemented without modification due to the huge change in the basic laws of the transmission paradigm. The main reason behind this is that the modulation scheme can no longer assume the contiguousness of its band as well as the interference that may be caused by the cognitive radio users operating in such close proximity to the licensed users. The research presented in this thesis namely identified two areas of cognitive radio which addressed these issues. These were the power loading and channel estimation areas

OFDM base T-transform for wireless communication networks

The prominent features associated with orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) have been exploited in the area of high-speed communication networks. However, OFDM is prone to impairments such as frequency selective fading channel, high peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) and heavy-tailed distributed impulsive noise, all of which can have negative impacts on its performance. These issues have received a great deal of attention in recent research. To compensate for these transmission impairments, a T-OFDM based system is introduced using a low computational complexity T-transform that combines the Walsh-Hadamard transform (WHT) and the discrete Fourier transform (DFT) into a single fast orthonormal unitary transform. The key contribution in this thesis is on the use of the T-transform along with three novel receiver designs. Additionally, new theoretical bit error rate (BER) formulae for the T-OFDM system are derived over communications channels using zero forcing (ZF) and minimum mean square error (MMSE) detectors, that are validated via simulation and shown to have close performance with the obtained performance results. It has been found that the T-OFDM outperformed the conventional OFDM based systems in the investigated channel models by achieving a signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) gain range of between 9dB and 16dB measured at 10−4 BER. In addition, the sparsity and block diagonal structure of the T-transform, along with its lower summation processes are exploited in this study to reduce the superposition of the subcarriers, leading to reduce the peak of the transmitted signals by a range of 0.75 to 1.2 dB with preserved average power. Furthermore, these attractive features of T-transform are employed with the conventional selective mapping (SLM) and partial transmitted sequences (PTS) schemes to propose three low cost novel techniques; T-SLM, T-PTS-I, and T-PTS-II. Compared to the conventional schemes, the T-SLM and T-PTS-I schemes have achieved a considerable reduction in both computational complexity and in PAPR, further increasing multipath resilience, even in the presence of high power amplifier (HPA). Whereas using the T-PTS-II scheme, the complexity ratio has been significantly reduced by approximately 80%, as well as reducing the SI bits further by two, with negligible PAPR degradation. Moreover, the effect of the independent sections of T-transform on the performance of T-OFDM system over the impulsive channel is addressed in this work, by deriving a new theoretical BER formula over such a transmission media. Furthermore, two novel II schemes WHT-MI-OFDM and WHT-MI-OFDM incorporating nonlinear blanking, both of which utilise the WHT and a matrix interleaver (MI) with the OFDM system, are proposed to suppress the deleterious effects of a severe impulsive noise burst on the T-OFDM system performance. Comparing with the traditional MI-OFDM system, the proposed schemes are much more robust to disturbances arising from the impulsive channel.EThOS - Electronic Theses Online ServiceMinistry of Higher Education and Scientific ResearchIraqGBUnited Kingdo

Radio Communications

In the last decades the restless evolution of information and communication technologies (ICT) brought to a deep transformation of our habits. The growth of the Internet and the advances in hardware and software implementations modified our way to communicate and to share information. In this book, an overview of the major issues faced today by researchers in the field of radio communications is given through 35 high quality chapters written by specialists working in universities and research centers all over the world. Various aspects will be deeply discussed: channel modeling, beamforming, multiple antennas, cooperative networks, opportunistic scheduling, advanced admission control, handover management, systems performance assessment, routing issues in mobility conditions, localization, web security. Advanced techniques for the radio resource management will be discussed both in single and multiple radio technologies; either in infrastructure, mesh or ad hoc networks