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Online dietary intake assessment using a graphical food frequency app (eNutri): usability metrics from the EatWellUK study
With widespread use of the internet, lifestyle and dietary data collection can now be facilitated using online questionnaires as opposed to paper versions. We have developed a graphical food frequency assessment app (eNutri), which is able to assess dietary intake using a validated food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) and provide personalised nutrition advice. FFQ user acceptance and evaluation have not been investigated extensively and only a few studies involving user acceptance of nutrition assessment and advice apps by older adults are published.A formative study with 20 participants (including n = 10 ≥60 years) assessed the suitability of this app for adults and investigated improvements to its usability. The outcomes of this formative study were applied to the final version of the application, which was deployed in an online study (EatWellUK) with 324 participants (including n = 53 ≥60 years) in the UK, using different devices (smartphones, tablets and laptops/desktops). Completion times were based on browser timestamps and usability was measured using the System Usability Scale (SUS), scoring between 0 and 100. Products with a SUS score higher than 70 are considered to be good.In the EatWellUK study, SUS score median (n = 322) was 77.5 (IQR 15.0). Out of the 322 SUS questionnaire completions, 321 device screen sizes were detected by the app. Grouped by device screen size, small (n = 92), medium (n = 38) and large (n = 191) screens received median SUS scores of 77.5 (IQR 15.0), 75.0 (IQR 19.4) and 77.5 (IQR 16.25), respectively. The median SUS scores from younger (n = 268) and older participants (n = 53) were the same. The FFQ contained 157 food items, and the mean completion time was 13.1 minutes (95% CI 12.6-13.7 minutes). Small, medium and large screen devices resulted in completion times of 11.7 minutes (95% CI 10.9-12.6 minutes), 14.4 minutes (95% CI 12.9-15.9 minutes) and 13.6 minutes (95% CI 12.8-14.3 minutes), respectively.The overall median SUS score of 77.5 and overall mean completion time of 13.3 minutes indicate good overall usability, and equally, comparable SUS scores and completion times across small, medium and large screen sizes indicates good usability across devices. This work is a step toward the promotion of wider uptake of online apps that can provide online dietary intake assessment at-scale, with the aim of addressing pressing epidemiological challenges
Computationally efficient, one-pass algorithm for morphological filters
International audienceMany useful morphological filters are built as long concatenations of erosions and dilations: openings, closings, size distributions, sequential filters, etc. This paper proposes a new algorithm implementing morphological dilation and erosion of functions. It supports rectangular structuring element, runs in linear time w.r.t. the image size and constant time w.r.t. the structuring element size, and has minimal memory usage. It has zero algorithm latency and processes data in stream. These properties are inherited by operators composed by concatenation, and allow their efficient implementation. We show how to compute in one pass an Alternate Sequential Filter (ASF(n)) regardless the number of stages n. This algorithm opens the way to such time-critical applications where the complexity and memory requirements of serial morphological operators represented a bottleneck limiting their usability. (C) 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved
A Study into the Usability and Security Implications of Text and Image Based Challenge Questions in the Context of Online Examination
Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.Online examinations are an integral component of online learning environments and research studies have identified academic dishonesty as a critical threat to the credibility of such examinations. Academic dishonesty exists in many forms. Collusion is seen as a major security threat, wherein a student invites a third party for help or to impersonate him or her in an online examination. This work aims to investigate the authentication of students using text-based and image-based challenge questions. The study reported in this paper involved 70 online participants from nine countries completing a five week online course and simulating an abuse case scenario. The results of a usability analysis suggested that i) image-based questions are more usable than text-based questions (p < 0.01) and ii) using a more flexible data entry method increased the usability of text-based questions (p < 0.01). An impersonation abuse scenario was simulated to test the influence of sharing with different database sizes. The findings revealed that iii) an increase in the number of questions shared for impersonation increased the success of an impersonation attack and the results showed a significant linear trend (p < 0.01). However, the number of correct answers decreased when the attacker had to memorize and answer the questions in an invigilated online examination or their response to questions was timed. The study also revealed that iv) an increase in the size of challenge question database decreased the success of an impersonation attack (p < 0.01).Peer reviewe
Usability engineering for GIS: learning from a screenshot
In this paper, the focus is on the concept of Usability Engineering for GIS – a set of techniques and methods that are
especially suitable for evaluating the usability of GIS applications – which can be deployed as part of the development
process. To demonstrate how the framework of Usability Engineering for GIS can be used in reality, a screenshot study is
described. Users were asked to provide a screenshot of their GIS during their working day. The study shows how a simple
technique can help in understanding the way GIS is used in situ
Survey of Web Developers in Academic Libraries
A survey was sent to library web designers from randomly selected institutions to determine the background, tools, and methods used by those designers. Results, grouped by Carnegie Classification type, indicated that larger schools were not necessarily working with more resources or more advanced levels of technology than other institutions
Reviewing and extending the five-user assumption: A grounded procedure for interaction evaluation
" © ACM, 2013. This is the author's version of the work. It is posted here by permission of ACM for your personal use. Not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction (TOCHI), {VOL 20, ISS 5, (November 2013)} http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/2506210 "The debate concerning how many participants represents a sufficient number for interaction testing is
well-established and long-running, with prominent contributions arguing that five users provide a good
benchmark when seeking to discover interaction problems. We argue that adoption of five users in this
context is often done with little understanding of the basis for, or implications of, the decision. We present
an analysis of relevant research to clarify the meaning of the five-user assumption and to examine the
way in which the original research that suggested it has been applied. This includes its blind adoption and
application in some studies, and complaints about its inadequacies in others. We argue that the five-user
assumption is often misunderstood, not only in the field of Human-Computer Interaction, but also in fields
such as medical device design, or in business and information applications. The analysis that we present
allows us to define a systematic approach for monitoring the sample discovery likelihood, in formative and
summative evaluations, and for gathering information in order to make critical decisions during the
interaction testing, while respecting the aim of the evaluation and allotted budget. This approach – which
we call the ‘Grounded Procedure’ – is introduced and its value argued.The MATCH programme (EPSRC Grants: EP/F063822/1 EP/G012393/1
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