156 research outputs found
Opinion dynamics: models, extensions and external effects
Recently, social phenomena have received a lot of attention not only from
social scientists, but also from physicists, mathematicians and computer
scientists, in the emerging interdisciplinary field of complex system science.
Opinion dynamics is one of the processes studied, since opinions are the
drivers of human behaviour, and play a crucial role in many global challenges
that our complex world and societies are facing: global financial crises,
global pandemics, growth of cities, urbanisation and migration patterns, and
last but not least important, climate change and environmental sustainability
and protection. Opinion formation is a complex process affected by the
interplay of different elements, including the individual predisposition, the
influence of positive and negative peer interaction (social networks playing a
crucial role in this respect), the information each individual is exposed to,
and many others. Several models inspired from those in use in physics have been
developed to encompass many of these elements, and to allow for the
identification of the mechanisms involved in the opinion formation process and
the understanding of their role, with the practical aim of simulating opinion
formation and spreading under various conditions. These modelling schemes range
from binary simple models such as the voter model, to multi-dimensional
continuous approaches. Here, we provide a review of recent methods, focusing on
models employing both peer interaction and external information, and
emphasising the role that less studied mechanisms, such as disagreement, has in
driving the opinion dynamics. [...]Comment: 42 pages, 6 figure
Early fragmentation in the adaptive voter model on directed networks
We consider voter dynamics on a directed adaptive network with fixed
out-degree distribution. A transition between an active phase and a fragmented
phase is observed. This transition is similar to the undirected case if the
networks are sufficiently dense and have a narrow out-degree distribution.
However, if a significant number of nodes with low out degree is present, then
fragmentation can occur even far below the estimated critical point due to the
formation of self-stabilizing structures that nucleate fragmentation. This
process may be relevant for fragmentation in current political opinion
formation processes.Comment: 9 pages, 8 figures as published in Phys. Rev.
Setting the Agenda: Different strategies of a Mass Media in a model of cultural dissemination
Day by day, people exchange opinions about a given new with relatives,
friends, and coworkers. In most cases, they get informed about a given issue by
reading newspapers, listening to the radio, or watching TV, i.e., through a
Mass Media (MM). However, the importance of a given new can be stimulated by
the Media by assigning newspaper's pages or time in TV programs. In this sense,
we say that the Media has the power to "set the agenda", i.e., it decides which
new is important and which is not. On the other hand, the Media can know
people's concerns through, for instance, websites or blogs where they express
their opinions, and then it can use this information in order to be more
appealing to an increasing number of people. In this work, we study different
scenarios in an agent-based model of cultural dissemination, in which a given
Mass Media has a specific purpose: To set a particular topic of discussion and
impose its point of view to as many social agents as it can. We model this by
making the Media has a fixed feature, representing its point of view in the
topic of discussion, while it tries to attract new consumers, by taking
advantage of feedback mechanisms, represented by adaptive features. We explore
different strategies that the Media can adopt in order to increase the affinity
with potential consumers and then the probability to be successful in imposing
this particular topic.Comment: 23 pages, 7 figure
Moment Closure - A Brief Review
Moment closure methods appear in myriad scientific disciplines in the
modelling of complex systems. The goal is to achieve a closed form of a large,
usually even infinite, set of coupled differential (or difference) equations.
Each equation describes the evolution of one "moment", a suitable
coarse-grained quantity computable from the full state space. If the system is
too large for analytical and/or numerical methods, then one aims to reduce it
by finding a moment closure relation expressing "higher-order moments" in terms
of "lower-order moments". In this brief review, we focus on highlighting how
moment closure methods occur in different contexts. We also conjecture via a
geometric explanation why it has been difficult to rigorously justify many
moment closure approximations although they work very well in practice.Comment: short survey paper (max 20 pages) for a broad audience in
mathematics, physics, chemistry and quantitative biolog
Coevolutionary dynamics of information spreading and heterophilic link rewiring
In many complex systems, the dynamic processes that take place on a network
and the changes in the network topology are intertwined. Here, we propose a
model of coevolutionary dynamics of information spreading which is accompanied
with link rewiring to facilitate the propagation of information. In our model,
nodes possessing information attempt to contact new susceptible nodes through
the link rewiring while the information spreads on a network. Using
moment-closure and heterogeneous mean-field approximations, we examine both the
information spread dynamics and network evolution focusing on epidemic size,
epidemic threshold, and degree distributions at the steady state. We found that
more frequent heterophilic link rewiring leads to a larger epidemic size but
does not alter the epidemic threshold. We also observed that link rewiring
results in a broader degree distribution in the steady state. This study
provides an insight into the the role of the heterophilic link rewiring in both
facilitating information propagation and inducing network heterogeneity.Comment: 6 pages, 4 figure
Modelling opinion dynamics under the impact of influencer and media strategies
Digital communication has made the public discourse considerably more complex, and new actors and strategies have emerged as a result of this seismic shift. Aside from the often-studied interactions among individuals during opinion formation, which have been facilitated on a large scale by social media platforms, the changing role of traditional media and the emerging role of “influencers” are not well understood, and the implications of their engagement strategies arising from the incentive structure of the attention economy even less so. Here we propose a novel framework for opinion dynamics that can accommodate various versions of opinion dynamics as well as account for different roles, namely that of individuals, media and influencers, who change their own opinion positions on different time scales. Numerical simulations of instances of this framework show the importance of their relative influence in creating qualitatively different opinion formation dynamics: with influencers, fragmented but short-lived clusters emerge, which are then counteracted by more stable media positions. The framework allows for mean-field approximations by partial differential equations, which reproduce those dynamics and allow for efficient large-scale simulations when the number of individuals is large. Based on the mean-field approximations, we can study how strategies of influencers to gain more followers can influence the overall opinion distribution. We show that moving towards extreme positions can be a beneficial strategy for influencers to gain followers. Finally, our framework allows us to demonstrate that optimal control strategies allow other influencers or media to counteract such attempts and prevent further fragmentation of the opinion landscape. Our modelling framework contributes to a more flexible modelling approach in opinion dynamics and a better understanding of the different roles and strategies in the increasingly complex information ecosystem
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