Turing machine universality of the game of life

This project proves universal computation in the Game of Life cellular automaton by using a Turing machine construction.Existing proofs of universality in the Game of Life rely on a counter machine. These machines require complex encoding and decoding of the input and output and the proof of universality for these machines by the Church Turing thesis is that they can perform the equivalent of a Turing machine. A proof based directly on a Turing machine is much more accessible.The computational power available today allows powerful algorithms such as HashLife to calculate the evolution of cellular automata patterns sufficiently fast that an efficient universal Turing machine can be demonstrated in a conveniently short period of time. Such a universal Turing machine is presented here. It is a direct simulation of a Turing machine and the input and output are easily interpreted.In order to achieve full universal behaviour an infinite storage media is required. The storage media used to represent the Turing machine tape is a pair of stacks. One stack representing the Turing tape to the left of the read/write head and one for the Turing tape to the right. Collision based construction techniques have been used to add stack cells to the ends of the stacks continuously.The continuous construction of the stacks is equivalent to the formatting of blank media. This project demonstrates that large areas of a cellular automata can be formatted in real time to perform complex functions

Spurious, Emergent Laws in Number Worlds

We study some aspects of the emergence of logos from chaos on a basal model of the universe using methods and techniques from algorithmic information and Ramsey theories. Thereby an intrinsic and unusual mixture of meaningful and spurious, emerging laws surfaces. The spurious, emergent laws abound, they can be found almost everywhere. In accord with the ancient Greek theogony one could say that logos, the Gods and the laws of the universe, originate from "the void," or from chaos, a picture which supports the unresolvable/irreducible lawless hypothesis. The analysis presented in this paper suggests that the "laws" discovered in science correspond merely to syntactical correlations, are local and not universal.Comment: 24 pages, invited contribution to "Contemporary Natural Philosophy and Philosophies - Part 2" - Special Issue of the journal Philosophie

Levels of reality: emergent properties of a mathematical multiverse

Ever since its foundations were laid nearly a century ago, quantum theory has provoked questions about the very nature of reality. We address these questions by considering the universe – and the multiverse – fundamentally as complex patterns, or mathematical structures. Basic mathematical structures can be expressed more simply in terms of emergent parameters. Even simple mathematical structures can interact within their own structural environment, in a rudimentary form of self-awareness, which suggests a definition of reality in a mathematical structure as simply the complete structure. The absolute randomness of quantum outcomes is most satisfactorily explained by a multiverse of discrete, parallel universes. Some of these have to be identical to each other, but that introduces a dilemma, because each mathematical structure must be unique. The resolution is that the parallel universes must be embedded within a mathematical structure – the multiverse – which allows universes to be identical within themselves, but nevertheless distinct, as determined by their position in the structure. The multiverse needs more emergent parameters than our universe and so it can be considered to be a superstructure. Correspondingly, its reality can be called a super-reality. While every universe in the multiverse is part of the super-reality, the complete super-reality is forever beyond the horizon of any of its component universes

Conway's Game of Life is Omniperiodic

In the theory of cellular automata, an oscillator is a pattern that repeats itself after a fixed number of generations; that number is called its period. A cellular automaton is called omniperiodic if there exist oscillators of all periods. At the turn of the millennium, only twelve oscillator periods remained to be found in Conway's Game of Life. The search has finally ended, with the discovery of oscillators having the final two periods, 19 and 41, proving that Life is omniperiodic. Besides filling in the missing periods, we give a detailed history of the omniperiodicity problem and the strategies used to solve it, summarising the work of a large number of people in the decades since the creation of Life.Comment: 32 pages, numerous figure

Reality and super-reality : properties of a mathematical multiverse

Ever since its foundations were laid nearly a century ago, quantum theory has provoked questions about the very nature of reality. We address these questions by considering the universe—and the multiverse—fundamentally as complex patterns, or mathematical structures. Basic mathematical structures can be expressed more simply in terms of emergent parameters. Even simple mathematical structures can interact within their own structural environment, in a rudimentary form of self-awareness, which suggests a definition of reality in a mathematical structure as simply the complete structure. The absolute randomness of quantum outcomes is most satisfactorily explained by a multiverse of discrete, parallel universes. Some of these have to be identical to each other, but that introduces a dilemma, because each mathematical structure must be unique. The resolution is that the parallel universes must be embedded within a mathematical structure—the multiverse—which allows universes to be identical within themselves, but nevertheless distinct, as determined by their position in the structure. The multiverse needs more emergent parameters than our universe and so it can be considered to be a superstructure. Correspondingly, its reality can be called a super-reality. While every universe in the multiverse is part of the super-reality, the complete super-reality is forever beyond the horizon of any of its component universes.Publisher PDFPeer reviewe