A logical approach to fuzzy truth hedges

The starting point of this paper are the works of Hájek and Vychodil on the axiomatization of truth-stressing and-depressing hedges as expansions of Hájek's BL logic by new unary connectives. They showed that their logics are chain-complete, but standard completeness was only proved for the expansions over Gödel logic. We propose weaker axiomatizations over an arbitrary core fuzzy logic which have two main advantages: (i) they preserve the standard completeness properties of the original logic and (ii) any subdiagonal (resp. superdiagonal) non-decreasing function on [0, 1] preserving 0 and 1 is a sound interpretation of the truth-stresser (resp. depresser) connectives. Hence, these logics accommodate most of the truth hedge functions used in the literature about of fuzzy logic in a broader sense. © 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.The authors acknowledge partial support of the MICINN projects TASSAT (TIN2010-20967-C04-01) and ARINF (TIN2009-14704-C03-03), and the FP7-PEOPLE-2009-IRSES project MaToMUVI (PIRSES-GA-2009-247584). Carles Noguera also acknowledges support of the research contract “Juan de la Cierva” JCI-2009-05453.Peer Reviewe

Bivalent and other solutions of fuzzy relational equations via linguistic hedges

Abstract We show that the well-known results regarding solutions of fuzzy relational equations and their systems can easily be generalized to obtain criteria regarding constrained solutions such as solutions which are crisp relations. When the constraint is empty, constrained solutions are ordinary solutions. The generalization is obtained by employing intensifying and relaxing linguistic hedges, conceived in this paper as certain unary functions on the scale of truth degrees. One aim of the paper is to highlight the problem of constrained solutions and to demonstrate that this problem naturally appears when identifying unknown relations. The other is to emphasize the role of linguistic hedges as constraints. © 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. Motivation Fuzzy relational equations play an important role in fuzzy set theory and its applications, see and every fuzzy relation U satisfying the first or the second equality is called a solution of the respective fuzzy relational equation. The nature of the unknown relationship represented by U may impose additional constraints on U. For example, one may require that U be a bivalent (crisp) relation (see Section 3 for an illustrative example). More generally

Intelligent Pattern Analysis of the Foetal Electrocardiogram

The aim of the project on which this thesis is based is to develop reliable techniques for foetal electrocardiogram (ECG) based monitoring, to reduce incidents of unnecessary medical intervention and foetal injury during labour. World-wide electronic foetal monitoring is based almost entirely on the cardiotocogram (CTG), which is a continuous display of the foetal heart rate (FHR) pattern together with the contraction of the womb. Despite the widespread use of the CTG, there is no significant improvement in foetal outcome. In the UK alone it is estimated that birth related negligence claims cost the health authorities over £400M per-annum. An expert system, known as INFANT, has recently been developed to assist CTG interpretation. However, the CTG alone does not always provide all the information required to improve the outcome of labour. The widespread use of ECG analysis has been hindered by the difficulties with poor signal quality and the difficulties in applying the specialised knowledge required for interpreting ECG patterns, in association with other events in labour, in an objective way. A fundamental investigation and development of optimal signal enhancement techniques that maximise the available information in the ECG signal, along with different techniques for detecting individual waveforms from poor quality signals, has been carried out. To automate the visual interpretation of the ECG waveform, novel techniques have been developed that allow reliable extraction of key features and hence allow a detailed ECG waveform analysis. Fuzzy logic is used to automatically classify the ECG waveform shape using these features by using knowledge that was elicited from expert sources and derived from example data. This allows the subtle changes in the ECG waveform to be automatically detected in relation to other events in labour, and thus improve the clinicians position for making an accurate diagnosis. To ensure the interpretation is based on reliable information and takes place in the proper context, a new and sensitive index for assessing the quality of the ECG has been developed. New techniques to capture, for the first time in machine form, the clinical expertise / guidelines for electronic foetal monitoring have been developed based on fuzzy logic and finite state machines, The software model provides a flexible framework to further develop and optimise rules for ECG pattern analysis. The signal enhancement, QRS detection and pattern recognition of important ECG waveform shapes have had extensive testing and results are presented. Results show that no significant loss of information is incurred as a result of the signal enhancement and feature extraction techniques

Analysis of English adjectives in a Montague grammar

This thesis explores the analysis of English adjectives and adjectivals, in particular those which are properly translated as one-place predicates. The intent is both to review earlier analyses and to expand the fragment of English which is-accounted for in a Montague grammar. The presentation is in three parts. The first, comprising Chapters 1 to 4, explains and defends, the analysis of some adjectives as predicates of individuals. Much of. the discussion is devoted to measure adjectives like big and tall and evaluative adjectives like good and skillful. The second part, comprising Chapters 5 and 6, introduces adjectives and other categories at, proposition level; these include modal adjectives like necessary and possible and ' parenthetical. adjectives like odd and strange. Finally, Chapter 7 presents rules, and definitions to account for predicative adjectives and other categories at property level; notably Tough adjectives and 'human propensity adjectives' like wise and stupid. A number of other adjective classes and related phenomena are treated in the course of the discussion, including passive participles, present participles and adjectives taking various complements. A generalised theory and formalisation of non-restrictive modification is also provided

The Anchor, Volume 96.15: February 9, 1984

The Anchor began in 1887 and was first issued weekly in 1914. Covering national and campus news alike, Hope College’s student-run newspaper has grown over the years to encompass over two-dozen editors, reporters, and staff. For much of The Anchor\u27s history, the latest issue was distributed across campus each Wednesday throughout the academic school year (with few exceptions). As of Fall 2019 The Anchor has moved to monthly print issues and a more frequently updated website. Occasionally, the volume and/or issue numbering is irregular

The semantics of psychospace

Traditionally, in the landscape profession, landscape analysis has been concerned with the physical aspects of place. Properties like shape, amount, use, colour and content have been surveyed, identified and classed in their various combinations to describe ' place character '. With few exceptions, ( Appleton 1998 ), the psychological aspects of place as criteria for classification have been largely ignored. One of the reasons for this, has been the argument that such data are' subjective' and personal, when what is required is, ' objective', verifiable and subject to 'constancy'. Another equally valid objection has been the difficulty in defining and identifying the psychological properties of place.The proposed method of analysing places by their psychological properties depends on people being able to verbally describe their feelings and states of mind. To define the survey parameters, these personal , emotional and mental properties have been identified and arranged in spectrums. By selecting the appropriate terms to describe their feelings in place, psychological profiles can be prepared, describing person -place relationships. With many such profiles, linked to personal details, like age, activity, sex and culture, factor analysis allows statistical examinations to be made of these person -place relationships. These reveal consistent patterns, relating particular combinations of feelings to particular combinations of perceivable place properties.Language is the medium of analysis and a linguistic examination of the data allows its classification into different types of place property. Those which are tangible, nominals and nouns, like apples, beds and chairs, and those which are intangible and descriptors, like abnormality, banality and chaos. Linguistics also offers, through concepts like antonymy, the ability to express opposites or contrasts in design terms, like, alien -friendly, bold -weak, chaotic- ordered.Certain combinations of emotions and perceivable, intangible place properties indicate places of particular significance. These are defined as archetypes. Thus, Arcadia is emotionally peaceful, restful and tranquil, and perceivably fertile, productive and beautiful. Battlefield is tense, shocking, stressful and perceivably brutal, chaotic and dramatic.CG Jung, (1968) asserted that anthropomorphic archetypes exist in the 'collective unconscious' of society and that this innate knowledge prepares the mind for future encounters. His archetypes included concepts like Mother and Father, Superman and Hero. By extension, it is postulated that places are also archetypal.To relate people to places objectively, the concept of 'objective relativity' is evoked ( G H Mead. 1932), allowing personal properties like awe, beauty and calmness to be logically attributed to place, relative to particular people.The main concept on which the thesis is based, is 'Psychospace', a linguistic model of the total psychological experience of place. New concepts are created to describe further people - place relationships. Pratties are property feelings of people attributed to place and Percies are properties of place perceived by some people and not others, and therefore 'subjective', like order, chaos and formality.Also included in 'subjective' judgements are those of assessment. Procons are personal properties, like quality and value, good, bad and satisfactory, but also objectively relative.Methods are proposed for the analysis of places and people and the identification of concepts which are employed in the processes of design. Examples are shown and discussed of how the formulated principles work in practice

Vol. 31, No. 3, September 29, 1982

•Losing Faith in the Legal System •Students Slumping? •Reviewing the Review •A Cure for Whatever \u27Ales\u27 Us •Notices •Senate to Act on Faculty Meeting Policy? •Stacking Up the Scholarly Staffers •The Duke Would Be Disappointed •Ballots Can\u27t Stop Bombs •Don\u27t Blame Us •Battling the Corporate Bias •The Latter, Beautiful, Stages of Insanity •Greco in Toledo, Oh. •NFL: Strike One Called •Dealing With the Real Issues •Dear Professor: My Goldfish Died... •Law in the Ra

Vol. 31, No. 3, September 29, 1982

•Losing Faith in the Legal System •Students Slumping? •Reviewing the Review •A Cure for Whatever \u27Ales\u27 Us •Notices •Senate to Act on Faculty Meeting Policy? •Stacking Up the Scholarly Staffers •The Duke Would Be Disappointed •Ballots Can\u27t Stop Bombs •Don\u27t Blame Us •Battling the Corporate Bias •The Latter, Beautiful, Stages of Insanity •Greco in Toledo, Oh. •NFL: Strike One Called •Dealing With the Real Issues •Dear Professor: My Goldfish Died... •Law in the Ra

\u27Pyrates\u27 of the Lyceum: Big Pharma, Patents, and Academic Freedom in Neoliberal Times

Academic freedom and freedom of expression are threatened by the corporatised university. As neoliberal policies embed themselves in all aspects of public (if not private) life, freedom of expression and academic freedom are being degraded and denigrated in the university, in the popular press, in the law, and in public life. The influence of intellectual property rights and proprietary claims surrounding patents are muzzling freedom of thought by corporate interests. Universities and the freedom of academic researchers to explore their fields have become casualties on this neoliberal battlefield. This political economy seeks to expose the free market contagion involved with patents, intellectual property, and the university in our postmodern neoliberal era. This is an era that proclaims itself as a new normal: this argument aspires to advance a patently problematic discourse to counter this brave new world and the intellectual pyscho-pharmacology and ideology of neoliberalism