Comparison of CSMA based MAC protocols of wireless sensor networks

Energy conservation has been an important area of interest in Wireless Sensor networks (WSNs). Medium Access Control (MAC) protocols play an important role in energy conservation. In this paper, we describe CSMA based MAC protocols for WSN and analyze the simulation results of these protocols. We implemented S-MAC, T-MAC, B-MAC, B-MAC+, X-MAC, DMAC and Wise-MAC in TOSSIM, a simulator which unlike other simulators simulates the same code running on real hardware. Previous surveys mainly focused on the classification of MAC protocols according to the techniques being used or problem dealt with and presented a theoretical evaluation of protocols. This paper presents the comparative study of CSMA based protocols for WSNs, showing which MAC protocol is suitable in a particular environment and supports the arguments with the simulation results. The comparative study can be used to find the best suited MAC protocol for wireless sensor networks in different environments.Comment: International Journal of AdHoc Network Systems, Volume 2, Number 2, April 201

A Resource Intensive Traffic-Aware Scheme for Cluster-based Energy Conservation in Wireless Devices

Wireless traffic that is destined for a certain device in a network, can be exploited in order to minimize the availability and delay trade-offs, and mitigate the Energy consumption. The Energy Conservation (EC) mechanism can be node-centric by considering the traversed nodal traffic in order to prolong the network lifetime. This work describes a quantitative traffic-based approach where a clustered Sleep-Proxy mechanism takes place in order to enable each node to sleep according to the time duration of the active traffic that each node expects and experiences. Sleep-proxies within the clusters are created according to pairwise active-time comparison, where each node expects during the active periods, a requested traffic. For resource availability and recovery purposes, the caching mechanism takes place in case where the node for which the traffic is destined is not available. The proposed scheme uses Role-based nodes which are assigned to manipulate the traffic in a cluster, through the time-oriented backward difference traffic evaluation scheme. Simulation study is carried out for the proposed backward estimation scheme and the effectiveness of the end-to-end EC mechanism taking into account a number of metrics and measures for the effects while incrementing the sleep time duration under the proposed framework. Comparative simulation results show that the proposed scheme could be applied to infrastructure-less systems, providing energy-efficient resource exchange with significant minimization in the power consumption of each device.Comment: 6 pages, 8 figures, To appear in the proceedings of IEEE 14th International Conference on High Performance Computing and Communications (HPCC-2012) of the Third International Workshop on Wireless Networks and Multimedia (WNM-2012), 25-27 June 2012, Liverpool, U

Survey: energy efficient protocols using radio scheduling in wireless sensor network

An efficient energy management scheme is crucial factor for design and implementation of any sensor network. Almost all sensor networks are structured with numerous small sized, low cost sensor devices which are scattered over the large area. To improvise the network performance by high throughput with minimum energy consumption, an energy efficient radio scheduling MAC protocol is effective solution, since MAC layer has the capability to collaborate with distributed wireless networks. The present survey study provides relevant research work towards radio scheduling mechanism in the design of energy efficient wireless sensor networks (WSNs). The various radio scheduling protocols are exist in the literature, which has some limitations. Therefore, it is require developing a new energy efficient radio scheduling protocol to perform multi tasks with minimum energy consumption (e.g. data transmission). The most of research studies paying more attention towards to enhance the overall network lifetime with the aim of using energy efficient scheduling protocol. In that context, this survey study overviews the different categories of MAC based radio scheduling protocols and those protocols are measured by evaluating their data transmission capability, energy efficiency, and network performance. With the extensive analysis of existing works, many research challenges are stated. Also provides future directions for new WSN design at the end of this survey

Building a more sustainable sensor network via protocol innovation

Traditionally, network protocols are designed based on the assumptions that network is powered by small batteries with scarce energy supply. However, emerging energy replenishment technologies such as ambient energy harvesting, wireless energy transferring, etc., provide alternatives to address the energy constraint problem but also introduce new challenges (e.g., energy heterogeneity). Been the core to achieve network sustainability, novel network protocols shall be designed to better exploit energy availabilities and tackle new challenges or issues exposed by emerging energy replenishment technologies. In this dissertation, we study how to build a more sustainable sensor network via network protocol innovation. Specifically, the study is conducted in four directions. First of all, we study how to improve energy utilization efficiency on individual sensor nodes as a foundation to improve the network sustainability. Secondly, we study how to prolong the network lifetime as a whole through dynamically and collaboratively tuning MAC layer operational parameters between neighboring nodes. Thirdly, we study the cross-layer design technique and propose a holistic routing and MAC protocol to further prolong the network lifetime. Fourthly, with given sensing coverage constraints, we jointly optimize the routing and sensing behaviors to further improve the network sustainability

Real-Time QoS Routing Protocols in Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks: Study and Analysis

Many routing protocols have been proposed for wireless sensor networks. These routing protocols are almost always based on energy efficiency. However, recent advances in complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) cameras and small microphones have led to the development of Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks (WMSN) as a class of wireless sensor networks which pose additional challenges. The transmission of imaging and video data needs routing protocols with both energy efficiency and Quality of Service (QoS) characteristics in order to guarantee the efficient use of the sensor nodes and effective access to the collected data. Also, with integration of real time applications in Wireless Senor Networks (WSNs), the use of QoS routing protocols is not only becoming a significant topic, but is also gaining the attention of researchers. In designing an efficient QoS routing protocol, the reliability and guarantee of end-to-end delay are critical events while conserving energy. Thus, considerable research has been focused on designing energy efficient and robust QoS routing protocols. In this paper, we present a state of the art research work based on real-time QoS routing protocols for WMSNs that have already been proposed. This paper categorizes the real-time QoS routing protocols into probabilistic and deterministic protocols. In addition, both categories are classified into soft and hard real time protocols by highlighting the QoS issues including the limitations and features of each protocol. Furthermore, we have compared the performance of mobility-aware query based real-time QoS routing protocols from each category using Network Simulator-2 (NS2). This paper also focuses on the design challenges and future research directions as well as highlights the characteristics of each QoS routing protocol.https://doi.org/10.3390/s15092220

An Energy Efficient Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks using A-star Algorithm

AbstractSensors are regarded as significant components of electronic devices. In most applications of wireless sensor networks (WSNs), important and critical information must be delivered to the sink in a multi-hop and energy-efficient manner. Inasmuch as the energy of sensor nodes is limited, prolonging network lifetime in WSNs is considered to be a critical issue. In order to extend the network lifetime, researchers should consider energy consumption in routing protocols of WSNs. In this paper, a new energy-efficient routing protocol (EERP) has been proposed for WSNs using A-star algorithm. The proposed routing scheme improves the network lifetime by forwarding data packets via the optimal shortest path. The optimal path can be discovered with regard to the maximum residual energy of the next hop sensor node, high link quality, buffer occupancy and minimum hop counts. Simulation results indicate that the proposed scheme improves network lifetime in comparison with A-star and fuzzy logic(A&F) protocol