195,586 research outputs found
Manifestations of Xenophobia in AI Systems
Xenophobia is one of the key drivers of marginalisation, discrimination, and
conflict, yet many prominent machine learning (ML) fairness frameworks fail to
comprehensively measure or mitigate the resulting xenophobic harms. Here we aim
to bridge this conceptual gap and help facilitate safe and ethical design of
artificial intelligence (AI) solutions. We ground our analysis of the impact of
xenophobia by first identifying distinct types of xenophobic harms, and then
applying this framework across a number of prominent AI application domains,
reviewing the potential interplay between AI and xenophobia on social media and
recommendation systems, healthcare, immigration, employment, as well as biases
in large pre-trained models. These help inform our recommendations towards an
inclusive, xenophilic design of future AI systems
The consolidation process of the EU regulatory framework on nanotechnologies: within and beyond the EU case-by-case approach
The field of nanotechnologies has been the subject of a process of wide-ranging regulation,
which covers two different trends. From the 2000s the European Commission and
Parliament agreed on a type of adaptive, experimental and flexible approach, which had its
apex with the Commission code of conduct on responsible nano-research developed
through a set of consultations. In 2009 this initial agreement subsequently broke down and
the EU started to develop a set of regulatory initiatives of a sectoral nature in several fields
(cosmetics, food, biocides). Thus, the current arrangement of governance in the field of
nanotechnologies appears to be a hybrid, which mixes forms belonging to the new
governance method (consultations, self-regulation, agency, comitology committees,
networking), working like a lung in the framework of EU policy, with more traditional tools
belonging to the classic governance method (regulations, directives). This model of
governance based on a case-by-case approach runs the risk of lacking coherence since it is
exposed to sudden changes of direction when risks emerge and it has a weak anticipatory
dimension due to both its excessive dependency on data collection and its insufficient use of
upstream criteria, such as human rights, which should be used earlier, to allow anticipated
intervention with a less intense use of hard law solutions
Recommender systems and their ethical challenges
This article presents the first, systematic analysis of the ethical challenges posed by recommender systems through a literature review. The article identifies six areas of concern, and maps them onto a proposed taxonomy of different kinds of ethical impact. The analysis uncovers a gap in the literature: currently user-centred approaches do not consider the interests of a variety of other stakeholdersâas opposed to just the receivers of a recommendationâin assessing the ethical impacts of a recommender system
(WP 2017-04) Behavioral Economics and the Positive-Normative Distinction: Sunsteinâs \u3cem\u3eChoosing Not to Choose\u3c/em\u3e and Behavioral Economics Imperialism
This paper examines behavioral economicsâ use of the positive-normative distinction in its critique of standard rational choice theory as normative, and argues that it departs from Robbinsâ understanding of that distinction in ways that suggest behavioral economists themselves do not observe that distinction. One implication of this is that behavioral economists generally do not recognize Putnamâs fact-value âentanglement thesisâ while a second implication is that the charge that rational choice theory is descriptively inadequate paradoxically appears to mean that it does not employ the implicit value basis and normative vision that behavioral economics recommends, thus actually violating Robbinsâ distinction. This latter argument is developed through an examination of Sunsteinâs Choosing Not to Choose which uses nudge policy in the form of default rules to advance a different conception of freedom than standard choice theory employs. The paper goes on to argue that behavioral economics imperialism, particularly in the form of behavioral development economics imperialism, is more about promoting its implicit value basis and normative vision over that promoted by standard rational choice theory than about advancing an alternative conception of economics for social science. A final section comments on economicsâ status and relation to the other social sciences
Synthesis report with pro-poor trade research findings and policy recommandations
The purpose of the project was to investigate international trade in fisheries products and its relationship to poverty alleviation and livelihoods of poor aquatic resource users in developing countries in Asia, and to identify options to improve the effectiveness of poverty reduction through international seafood trade. The project directly addressed the EC-PREP priority area of trade and development, and indirectly provided valuable insight to two other priority areas: food security and sustainable rural development; and institutional capacity building. [PDF contains 60 pages.
Tactical enacting : a grounded theory : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Education at Massey University, Manawatƫ, New Zealand
This research uses classic grounded theory methodology to produce a grounded theory of tactical enacting. Forty two participants were drawn from the population of learning advisors working in a variety of tertiary education organisations in New Zealand. Data consisted of field notes and transcripts from observations, interviews and a group workshop/discussion and were analysed using all procedures that comprise classic grounded theory methodology.
The thesis of this thesis is that learning advisors express a concern for role performance and continually resolve that concern through tactical enacting. In tactical enacting, learning advisors are working tactically towards a variety of ends. These ends include a performance identity and a role critical to organisational agendas. A role critical to organisational agendas is one which makes a significant contribution to student success outcomes and organisational performance. Making a strong contribution to student success and organisational performance helps learning advisors construct the desired professional identity for themselves and establish their role as valuable in the eyes of others and the organisation. Tactical enacting means advisors perform their role tactically in order to meet their own professional standards as well as the needs and expectations of students and the organisation and to help secure their place within tertiary education. However, in tactical enacting, learning advisors constitute themselves as the performing subject, subject to and subjecting themselves to the performativity discourse of the contemporary tertiary education organisation. At the same time, in tactical enacting, learning advisors constitute themselves as the ethical subject in an effort not to be governed by performativity alone and to enable them to meet organisational, student and their own expectations of how they should behave.
This research contributes to knowledge in three main areas. Firstly, to knowledge and practice in relation to professional roles and organisations; specifically, the learning advisor role in the contemporary tertiary education organisation in New Zealand. Secondly, to research; specifically, to the scholarship of learning advising, and, lastly, to research method; specifically, to classic grounded theory methodology, and to an
approach that applies a Foucauldian analytical framework to a discussion of an emergent grounded theory
Mapping and analysis of the current self- and co- regulatory framework of commercial communication aimed at minors
As the advertising sector has been very active in self-regulating commercial communication aimed at children, a patchwork of different rules and instruments exist, drafted by different self-regulatory organisations at international, European and national level. In order to determine the scope and contents of these rules, and hence, the actual level of protection of children, a structured mapping of these rules is needed. As such, this report aims to provide an overview of different categories of Alternative Regulatory Instruments(ARIs,such as self- and co-regulation regarding (new) advertising formats aimed at children. This report complements the first legal AdLit research report, which provided an overview of the legislative provisions in this domain.status: publishe
Family education and support for families at psychosocial risk in Europe: Evidence from a survey of international experts
First published online: 11 October 2018There is overwhelming consensus among policy makers, academics, and professionals about the need to support families in their childrearing tasks. Consequently, European countries have been encouraged to develop family support interventions aimed at guaranteeing children's rights, targeting particularly those children in situations of psychosocial risk. While a certain amount of evidence exists regarding how family support is generally delivered in certain European countries, with a particular focus on parenting initiatives, this paper aims to take existing evidence one step further by providing an updated review focusing on two core components of the Council of Europe's Recommendation on Positive Parenting: families at psychosocial risk as the target population, and family education and support initiatives as the delivery format. The scope of the study was therefore broad, in both geographical and conceptual terms. An online survey was conducted with experts from 19 European countries to gather information regarding how they perceive family education and support initiatives for families at psychosocial risk. Both quantitative and qualitative data were analysed by computing frequencies/percentages and by following a thematic synthesis method, respectively. The results revealed both similarities and disparities as regards provider profiles, intervention characteristics, and quality standards. Practical implications are discussed, such as the need to diversify initiatives for atârisk families in accordance with the tenets of progressive universalism, the ongoing need for an evidenceâbased, pluralistic approach to programmes, and the skills and qualifications required in the family support workforce. This study constitutes a first step towards building a common family support framework at a European level, which would encompass family support and parenting policies aimed at families at psychosocial risk.Ministerio de EconomĂa y Competitividad de España EDU2013â41441â
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