ABILITY OF CHILDREN TO DRAW AND SPATIALLY MODEL “A TREE”

Many well-known educationalists and psychologists noticed that children included “a tree” in their drawings very early, which usually occurred next to a figure or a building. The drawing of the tree, which was treated as a substitute of graphical picture of a figure, constituted material for the research they conducted. Artistic activity is also one of the determinants of diagnosing child’s development and one of many opportunities to say about particular topics, which are preferred by the child. Another precious activity is -next to the drawing-spatial modelling of soft material. The research conducted with the use of the technique of analysis of the artistic works aimed at defining the course of development of “a tree” drawn and spatially modelled by children at preschool age. It was important for the conducted studies to distinguish models of “a tree” – created in two art techniques – typical of particular age along with their characteristic features (clarity of the message, colouring, details used). The subject of the study concerned artworks on flat surface and three dimensional models of a tree formed by children aged 3 to 6 years. Distinguished characteristic features of the drawn and spatially modelled “tree” may become helpful for teachers in assessing development of children.

PTree: A tool to draw tree for Concept Relation Tree (CRT)

Our research project is currently to develop an Automatic Meaning Extraction (AME) System which automatically extracts concepts and their relationships across texts in all domains of knowledge.Concept Relational Tree (CRT) is one of the text analyzer applications used in the AME System to automatically extract concepts and their relationships in a document. To check on the correctness of the extraction of concepts and their relationships, the PTree is designed to reconstruct the text by reverse input.In this paper we present the PTree tool to test the accuracy of the automatic tagging and tree structure created by CRT from texts.The PTree tool is implemented from Java Universal Network/ Graph Framework (JUNG) libraries. This tool provides a few functions to allow for flexibility in drawing relational trees for concepts.Due to its flexibility and dynamic features, PTree can be further extended for use in the deconstruction of highly complex texts

A survey of max-type recursive distributional equations

In certain problems in a variety of applied probability settings (from probabilistic analysis of algorithms to statistical physics), the central requirement is to solve a recursive distributional equation of the form X =^d g((\xi_i,X_i),i\geq 1). Here (\xi_i) and g(\cdot) are given and the X_i are independent copies of the unknown distribution X. We survey this area, emphasizing examples where the function g(\cdot) is essentially a ``maximum'' or ``minimum'' function. We draw attention to the theoretical question of endogeny: in the associated recursive tree process X_i, are the X_i measurable functions of the innovations process (\xi_i)?Comment: Published at http://dx.doi.org/10.1214/105051605000000142 in the Annals of Applied Probability (http://www.imstat.org/aap/) by the Institute of Mathematical Statistics (http://www.imstat.org

Parameters for apple quality - 2 - and the development of the ‘inner quality concept’ 2001-2003

We found clear correlations between management measures, tree characteristics and fruit characteristics. This means that growers can regulate apple quality during the growing season. On the basis of the two apple experiments, we can distinguish respective sets of growth and differentiation parameters and evaluate them in the light of conventional fruit cultivation science. Our results have little new value for fruit growing in practice, however. The value of our research lies in the approach developed to draw up a quality concept and the way in which we can apply this concept to crops about which little knowledge exists regarding the relationship between management measures, crop characteristics and product quality characteristics. Our research also offers a method to validate experimental parameters

Scoping study on the prospects for sustainable tree crop development in Sub-Saharan Africa. A paper prepared for the World Bank

The objectives of this short scoping study are to identify key issues for development of the tree crop sector particularly smallholder production, and to draw attention to opportunities for World Bank funding of tree crop initiatives as a focus for possible productive investment in Sub-Saharan Africa, and for in-depth examination in a wider study. The study looks particularly at issues relevant to new crop development/replanting and those arising from liberalisation